Fig. 4.

—The comparison of mitochondrial gene orders between ND5 and 12S rRNA for a typical vertebrate gene order (A), a typical avian gene order (B), an ancestral duplicated gene order assuming the tandem duplication of the cytb to CR segment (C), and rearrangements which evolved by degeneration and/or loss of some duplicated elements in Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, and Falconiformes (D). ND5, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene; cytb, cytochrome b gene; T, tRNA gene for threonine; P, tRNA gene for proline; ND6, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6; E, tRNA gene for glutamic acid; CR, control region; F, tRNA gene for phenylalanine; 12S, 12S rRNA gene. Pseudogenes are marked by ψ and colored correspondingly to their functional gene copy.