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. 2019 Oct 15;3(4):041501. doi: 10.1063/1.5116579

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Representative examples of different designs for electrical stimulation bioreactors. (a) Bioreactor consisting of two parallel carbon rods, activated by a Grass stimulator and with the possibility to deliver excitation to both cell monolayers and 3D scaffolds. Reproduced with permission from Tandon et al., “Electrical stimulation systems for cardiac tissue engineering,” Nat. Protoc. 4(2), 155–173 (2009). Copyright 2009 Nature Publishing Group. (b) Bioreactor that can be combined to a standard tissue culture well plate and that can accommodate both paced and unpaced samples. Reproduced with permission from Hirt et al., J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 74, 151–61 (2014). Copyright 2014 Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (c) A dual perfusion-electrical stimulation system that can operate up to 18 systems in parallel and enables monitoring during contraction tests. Visone et al., Sci. Rep. 8, 16944 (2018). Copyright 2018 Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (d) Evolution of the systems in (a) and (b), where the tissue is held between two flexible pillars. Reproduced with permission from Ronaldson-Bouchard et al., “Advanced maturation of human cardiac tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells,” Nature 556, 7700 (2018). Copyright 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature.