Promising injectable conductive hydrogels for in situ myocardium regeneration. (a) A chitosan-PPY hydrogel can electrically couple two separated CM populations. Reproduced with permission from Cui et al., Theranostics 8(10), 2752 (2018). Copyright 2018 Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (b) Adipose derived stem cells and pDNA incorporated in a conductive hydrogel, showed to improve the functionality of the heart in vivo. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al., “An injectable conductive hydrogel encapsulating plasmid DNA-eNOs and ADSCs for treating myocardial infarction,” Biomaterials 160, 69–81 (2018). Copyright 2018 Elsevier Ltd. (c) A PANI-doped hydrogel showed antioxidant effects after subcutaneous implantation. Reproduced with permission from Cui et al., “In vitro study of electroactive tetra-aniline-containing thermosensitive hydrogels for cardiac tissue engineering,” Biomacromolecules 15, 1115–1123 (2014). Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society.