Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Matched cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Eligible cohort | BP | Control | SMD |
| N | 49,765 | 5089 | 5089 | – |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 81 (9) | 76 (8) | 76 (9) | 0.01 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 34,844 (70.0) | 4145 (81.5) | 4121 (81.0) | 0.01 |
| Months between discharge and baseline, median (IQR) | – | 5 (2–13) | 5 (2–13) | – |
| Hospitalization data | ||||
| Days of hospital stay, mean (SD) | 9 (6) | 8 (5) | 8 (5) | 0.00 |
| Type of hip fracture, n (%) | ||||
| Cervical | 27,594 (55.5) | 2886 (56.7) | 2805 (55.1) | 0.03 |
| Intertrochanteric | 18,411 (37.0) | 1823 (35.8) | 1929 (37.9) | 0.04 |
| Subtrochanteric | 3760 (7.6) | 380 (7.5) | 355 (7.0) | 0.02 |
| Admitted from private home, n (%) | 36,472 (73.3) | 4709 (92.5) | 4730 (93.0) | 0.02 |
| Discharged to private home, n (%) | 17,130 (34.4) | 2739 (53.8) | 2734 (53.7) | 0.00 |
| Known/suspected dementia, n (%) | 16,110 (32.4) | 519 (10.2) | 482 (9.5) | 0.02 |
| Walking aid before fracture, n (%) | 24,800 (49.8) | 1625 (31.9) | 1529 (30.1) | 0.04 |
| Walking ability before fracture, n (%) | ||||
| Walked outdoors alone | 32,077 (64.5) | 4382 (86.1) | 4410 (86.7) | 0.02 |
| Walked outdoors with company | 4035 (8.1) | 208 (4.1) | 202 (4.0) | 0.01 |
| Walked indoors alone | 10,824 (21.8) | 430 (8.5) | 412 (8.1) | 0.01 |
| Walked indoors with company | 2829 (5.7) | 69 (1.4) | 65 (1.3) | 0.01 |
| ASA physical status score, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 4486 (9.0) | 769 (15.1) | 730 (14.3) | 0.02 |
| 2 | 22,423 (45.1) | 2757 (54.2) | 2841 (55.8) | 0.03 |
| 3 | 22,856 (45.9) | 1563 (30.7) | 1518 (29.8) | 0.02 |
| Diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
| Angina pectoris | 7078 (14.2) | 551 (10.8) | 545 (10.7) | 0.00 |
| Arteriosclerosis | 1597 (3.2) | 147 (2.9) | 162 (3.2) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 9558 (19.2) | 774 (15.2) | 760 (14.9) | 0.01 |
| COPD | 1029 (2.1) | 139 (2.7) | 139 (2.7) | 0 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7094 (14.3) | 681 (13.4) | 705 (13.9) | 0.01 |
| Non-hip fracture in the last 5 years | 9957 (20.0) | 1098 (21.6) | 1072 (21.1) | 0.01 |
| Heart failure | 6932 (13.9) | 495 (9.7) | 469 (9.2) | 0.02 |
| Hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia | 4260 (8.6) | 554 (10.9) | 585 (11.5) | 0.02 |
| Acute renal failure | 560 (1.1) | 51 (1.0) | 47 (0.9) | 0.01 |
| Mental/behavioral disorder due to alcohol use | 2545 (5.1) | 282 (5.5) | 286 (5.6) | 0.00 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4940 (9.9) | 332 (6.5) | 313 (6.2) | 0.02 |
| Osteoporosis | 4545 (9.1) | 1325 (26.0) | 1344 (26.4) | 0.01 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 759 (1.5) | 130 (2.6) | 118 (2.3) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 7447 (15.0) | 594 (11.7) | 590 (11.6) | 0.00 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Antidiabetic agents | 6164 (12.4) | 600 (11.8) | 630 (12.4) | 0.02 |
| Antithrombotic agents | 31,971 (64.2) | 3682 (72.4) | 3685 (72.4) | 0.00 |
| Lipid-lowering agents | 13,856 (27.8) | 1720 (33.8) | 1752 (34.4) | 0.01 |
| Calcium/vitamin D | 10,247 (20.6) | 4617 (90.7) | 4593 (90.3) | 0.02 |
| Denosumab | 66 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 0.02 |
| Raloxifene | 159 (0.3) | 27 (0.5) | 36 (0.7) | 0.02 |
BP bisphosphonate, SMD standardized mean difference, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease