Table 4.
Blood variables of the participants (Men).
| Variables |
Exercise group (n = 14) |
Control group (n = 11) |
P for time x group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | P for within-group comparison | Effect size | Before | After | P for within-group comparison | Effect size | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.59 ± 0.57 | 6.21 ± 0.62** | <0.01 | 0.64 | 6.58 ± 0.88 | 6.62 ± 0.84 | 0.731 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Fasting | 8.60 ± 0.99 | 7.73 ± 1.18* | <0.05 | 0.80 | 8.53 ± 1.20 | 8.96 ± 1.18 | 0.127 | 0.36 | <0.01 |
| 2-hr post-challenge | 10.97 ± 3.46 | 8.66 ± 3.22* | <0.05 | 0.69 | 10.76 ± 3.17 | 11.75 ± 3.77 | 0.174 | 0.28 | <0.05 |
| Blood insulin (μU/ml) | |||||||||
| Fasting | 12.60 ± 6.00 | 11.28 ± 6.50 | 0.418 | 0.21 | 12.26 ± 8.00 | 11.61 ± 7.28 | 0.475 | 0.08 | 0.736 |
| 2-hr post-challenge | 42.45 ± 30.63 | 30.99 ± 21.64 | <0.05 | 0.43 | 41.08 ± 14.67 | 47.80 ± 16.79 | 0.062 | 0.43 | <0.01 |
| Insulin resistance | 4.77 ± 2.12 | 3.82 ± 2.03 | 0.052 | 0.46 | 4.80 ± 3.35 | 4.70 ± 3.10 | 0.817 | 0.03 | 0.195 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 3.61 ± 1.16 | 3.13 ± 1.09 | 0.108 | 0.43 | 3.54 ± 1.31 | 3.42 ± 1.18 | 0.460 | 0.10 | 0.307 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.22 ± 1.03 | 5.23 ± 0.87 | 0.995 | 0.01 | 5.25 ± 0.86 | 5.37 ± 1.16 | 0.644 | 0.12 | 0.717 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.46 ± 0.41 | 1.84 ± 0.46* | <0.05 | 0.87 | 1.49 ± 0.38 | 1.52 ± 0.43 | 0.733 | 0.07 | 0.081 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.19 ± 0.81 | 2.99 ± 0.73 | 0.174 | 0.26 | 3.17 ± 0.71 | 3.10 ± 0.46 | 0.789 | 0.12 | 0.652 |
Note: All data are presented in mean ± SD. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin. TG, triglyceride. TC, total cholesterol. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.