Fig. 1.

Experimental design for distress assessment. Radio telemetric transmitters were implanted on day 0 (TI). The distress of transmitter implantation (TI) was analysed using telemetry and non-invasive methods after surgery on day 0 and on recovery days 1–3, 7 and 13. The distress assessment for laparotomy plus cancer cell injection into the pancreas (CI) was performed before (−1) and after laparotomy (0), as well as on recovery day 1–3. Distress was also quantified during tumour growth on days 4, 18 and 34 after carcinoma cell injection (CI).