Table 3.
Previous prevalence studies in patients with EDs (AN, BN, BED) and ADHD.
| Study | Sample size | Diagnosis | Age in years (mean ± SD) |
Diagnostic tool | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a) ADHD in EDs | |||||
| 1. Sala et al. (59) cross-sectional |
73 (100% females) |
ED (AN-R; AN-BP, BN) | 28.07 ± 7.30 (15–50 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV-TR, WURS, BADDS ED: DSM-IV-TR, EAT-40, BITE, EDI-2, BIS-10 |
13 (18%) with comorbid ADHD (3 AN-R subtype, 9 AN-BP subtype, 1 BN) as to DSM-IV |
| 2. Welch et al. (73) cross-sectional |
850 (95.4% females) 8,500 |
BED HC |
22 (14–72 years) |
ADHD, ED: ICD-9, ICD-10 | 14 BED cases (1.7%) had comorbid ADHD, 51 (0.6%) in the HC group |
| 3. Welch et al. (62) cross sectional |
101 529 (91% females) |
AN EDNOS BN |
15.2 ± 1.7 (f) 14.9 ± 1.6 (m) |
ADHD, ED: DSM-IV, ICD-10 | 10 ED cases (1.6%) with a previous ADHD diagnosis; ADHD was present in 4 boys and 6 girls (6.9 vs. 1.0%) in the ED group |
| 4. Seitz et al. (60) cross-sectional |
57 40 (100% females) |
BN HC |
20.8 ± 4.82 21.2 ± 3.99 (15–35 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV, WRI, ADHD-SB, WURS-k, BN: SCID-I, EDI-2, SIAB-EX, |
12 BN cases (21%) met clinical cutoff for previous childhood ADHD according to WURS compared with 2.5% of HC 14 BN cases (24.5%) scored above the cutoff of the ADHD-SB compared with 5% of HC 6 BN cases (10.5%) received adult ADHD diagnosis (DSM-IV) according to WURS-k, ADHD-SB and an expert interview |
| 5. Yilmaz et al. (71) cross-sectional |
86 (100% females) |
BN | 24.7 ± 6.7 | ADHD: WURS BN: DSM-IV, EDE-12, SCID-I |
20 BN cases (23.3%) met clinical cutoff for childhood ADHD according to WURS |
| 6. Yates et al. (63) cross-sectional |
55 97 37 (100% females) |
AN-R AN-BE BN |
<18 years to early adults | ADHD: DSM-IV, SCID-I, MINI ED: DSM-IV, SCID-I, SIAB |
10 ED cases (5.3%) met criteria for ADHD diagnosis (1 AN-RE, 9 AN-BE subtype,d or BN) |
| 7. Wentz et al. (3) cross-sectional |
30 (100% females) |
21 AN 9 BN |
27.4 ± 8.4 (18–56 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV, ADHD-RS ED: DSM-IV, SCID-I |
5 ED cases (17%) had AD/HD diagnosis; all of the binge eating/purging AN type |
| b) ED in ADHD | |||||
| 1. Karjalainen et al. (12) cross-sectional |
74 45 109 (44% females) |
ASD ASD+ ADHD ADHD |
31.75 ± 9.29 (19–60 years) |
ADHD: SCID-I DSM-IV ED: SCID-I, EAT |
18 cases (7.9%) had a current or previous ED [ASD: AN, n = 5 (6.7%); BN: n = 2 (2.7%); BED: n = 1 (1.4%); ADHD: AN: n = 2 (2.8%), BN, n = 0 (0.0%), BED, n = 7 (6.4%)] |
| 2. Gorlin et al. (56) cross-sectional |
204 (50% females) 929 |
ADHD No ADHD |
34.9 ± 13.4 41.1 ± 14.3 |
ADHD, ED: DSM-IV, SCID-I | 19 cases (9.3%) of ADHD patients with comorbid ED 3.8% of patients without ADHD |
| 3. Reinblatt et al. (70) cross-sectional |
109 (47% females) |
ADHD | 10.8 ± 3.7 | ADHD: DSM-IV-TR, K-SADS ED: DSM-IV, C-BEDS, |
Association between ADHD and BE was statistically significant (OR = 16.1) |
| 4. Bleck et al. (53) Retrospective |
575 (51% females) |
ADHD | 21.8 (18–27 years) |
ADHD, ED: DSM-IV | Patients with clinical ADHD more likely to present clinical ED (OR = 2.81) and levels of restrictive (OR = 4.92) and bulimic behaviors (OR = 8.14) |
| 5. Kessler et al. (69) cross-sectional |
525 (51% females) |
ADHD | 13–17 years | ADHD: CIDI, DSM-IV, K-SADS-PL ED: DSM-IV, CIDI |
ADHD diagnosis associated with higher lifetime prevalence of ED (OR = 3.2) |
| 6. Edvinsson et al. (55) cross-sectional/ retrospective |
168 (46% females) |
ADHD | 34.4 ± 9.6 (18–57 years) |
ADHD, ED: SCID-I, DSM-IV | Lifetime prevalence of ED (both AN and BN) in ADHD women 21.8 and 0% in men |
| 7. Yoshimasu et al. (64) retrospective |
343 712 (25% females) |
ADHD TD |
19 years | ADHD, ED: DSM-IV-TR, based on teacher/parent questionnaires, school records, and medical records |
ADHD associated with increased risk of ED diagnosis by age 19 compared with those without ADHD (HR = 5.68) |
| 8. Gau et al. (67) cross-sectional |
186 185 (20% females) |
ADHD TD |
12.9 (11–17 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV, K-SADS-E ED: K-SADS-E |
3 (1.6%) of patients with persistent ADHD vs. 0% of TD with an ED (not significant) |
| 9. Biederman et al. (51) 11-year prospective |
96 91 (100% females) |
ADHD TD |
11 ± 3.2 12 ± 2.8 (6–18 years) |
ADHD: DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, SCID-I K-SADS-E ED: K-SADS-E |
Increased lifetime risk of developing an ED in ADHD group (HR = 3.5) compared with TD, especially BN (HR = 5.2) |
| 10. Mikami et al. (57) 8-year prospective |
432 264 (23% females) |
ADHD TD |
16.4 (7–10 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV, SNAP-IV, DISC-III/IV ED: EDI-II, DISC-IV |
No youth met BN criteria; ADHD youth with more BN symptoms (girls > boys) |
| 11. Cumyn et al. (54) cross-sectional |
335 112 (40% females) |
ADHD TD |
(17–74 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV, SCID-I, WURS, CAARS ED: DSM-IV, SCID-I |
No relationship between ADHD and EDs |
| 12. Mikami et al. (58) 5-year prospective |
127 82 (100% females) |
ADHD TD |
9.5 (6–12 years) |
ADHD: DSM-IV DISC-IV, SNAP ED: EDI-II, EAT, DISC-IV |
No girl met diagnostic criteria for BN. Girls with ADHD-C in childhood at risk for BN behaviors in adolescence |
| 13. Ghanizadeh et al. (68) cross-sectional |
81 (17% females) |
ADHD | 8.7 ± 3.07 (5–18 years) |
ADHD: K-SADS-PL, DSM-IV ED: K-SADS-PL |
No relationship between ADHD and EDs |
| 14. Biederman et al. (52) 5-year prospective |
123 112 (100% females) |
ADHD TD |
11.7 (6–18 years) |
ADHD: DSM-III-R, SCID-I, K-SADS-E ED: K-SADS-E |
Girls with ADHD with increased risk of developing an ED (HR = 3.6), and BN specifically (HR = 5.6) |
| 15. Sobanski et al. (61) cross-sectional |
70 70 (46% females) |
ADHD TD |
36.8 ± 9.0 39.8 ± 10 |
ADHD: DSM-IV, SCID-I, WURS-k, BADDS ED: DSM-IV, SCID-I |
8 ED cases (11.4%; 5 BE, 3 BN) in ADHD 1 ED case (1.4%) in TD |
| 16. Biederman et al. (74) | 219 (37% females) 215 |
ADHD TD |
37.6 ± 10.5 38.7 ± 4.2 |
ADHD, ED: DSM-III-R (SCID), K-SADS-E | 3 AN and 9 BN cases in ADHD group 0 AN and 1 BN case in TD |
| 17. Biederman et al. (72) cross-sectional |
280 (50% females) 242 |
ADHD TD |
11.2 ± 3.4 (f) 10.5 ± 3 (m) 12.2 ± 3 (f) 11.6 ± 3.7 (m) |
ADHD, ED: DSM-III-R, K-SADS-E | 2 BN cases in ADHD group 0 ED cases in TD |
| 18. Biederman et al. (75) cross-sectional |
101 (42% females) 207 |
ADHD TD |
39.3 ± 10 (f) 36.9 ± 8.4 (m) 38.0 ± 6.9 (f) 40.1 ± 7.1 (m) |
ADHD, ED: DSM-III-R, K-SADS-E | 7 BN cases in ADHD group 3 BN cases in TD group |
SD, standard deviation; ED, eating disorder; AN, anorexia nervosa; AN-R, anorexia nervosa—restrictive subtype; AN-BP, anorexia nervosa-binge/purge subtype; BN, bulimia nervosa; BED, binge eating disorder; EDNOS, eating disorder not otherwise specified; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; TD, typically developed; OSFED, otherwise specified feeding or eating disorder; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; WURS, Wender Utah Rating Scale (76); BADDS, Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (77); EAT-40, eating attitude test (41); BITE, Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (78); EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory (79); BIS, Barrat Impulsivity Scale (80); ASRS, World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (81); SEDI, Structured eating disorder interview (82); K-SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (17); WRI, Wender–Reimherr Interview (83); ADHD-SB, ADHD self-rating scale (84); EDI-2, Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (85); SIAB-EX, structured interview for anorexic and bulimic disorders for DSM-IV and ICD-10 (86); WURS-k, Wender Utah Rating Scale-Kurzform (19); EDE-12, Eating Disorder Examination (87); MINI, Multi-international Psychiatric Interview (88); SIAB, Structured Interview for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa (89); BEDS, Binge Eating Disorder Symptoms Scale (90); DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (18); SNAP, Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (91); CIDI, World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (81); CAARS, Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (92); BADDS, Brown attention deficit disorder (77); OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio.