Fig. 1.

Heat-induced transgenerational degradation of SGS3 accelerates flowering but attenuates immunity. a Four-week-old 22 °C-grown Col, heat-stressed (first) and unstressed second and third generation plants and box plots of flowering times of these four lines. Flowering time was assessed by counting total leaf numbers in bolting plants (n ≥ 15 for each line). Bars represent means ± SD. b PIF4 and FT transcript levels as normalized to the ACTIN2 signals. The average values (±SD, n = 3) were shown. Samples were collected from 17-day-old seedlings. Asterisks indicate significant difference (Student’s t-test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001) (a, b). c Disease symptoms at 4 dpi with Pst DC3000 (avrRpt2). Scale bar, 1 cm (a, c). d Bacterial growth in plants in c was measured at 0 and 4 dpi. Bars represent means ± SD (n = 3). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (significance set at P < 0.05) was performed. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences. e SGS3 levels were immunodetected, with relative levels shown under lanes. Samples were collected from 24-day-old 22 °C-grown Col, heat-stressed (first) and early flowering, unstressed second and third generation plants. Rubisco served as a loading control