| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| ACTRN12615000166572 | Randomised; parent intervention includes an individual component as well as group‐based intervention |
| Adamson 2013 | Randomised; parent training includes an individual component as well as group‐based training |
| Adesso 1981 | Randomised; child age not birth to 3 years; control group meets inclusion criteria; group‐based parent training |
| Bamba 2000 | Randomised; child age not birth to 3 years |
| Barber 1992 | Control group meets inclusion criteria; child age not birth to 3 years |
| Baydar 2003 | Randomised; children did not meet the age criterion (mean age greater than 3 years and 11 months for all children: "The mean age of the group was 55.8 months (4.65 years) at the time of pre‐intervention assessment" (Baydar 2008 [pers comm]); TAU control group ("Regular Head Star curriculum"); intervention was group‐based |
| Benjamin 2010 | Randomised; child age not birth to 3 years |
| Bergan 1983 | No standardised child outcome measures |
| Billingham 1994 | Quasi‐randomised; child age not birth to 3 years; details of control group not reported |
| Bor 2002 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion (mean age 3 years and 11 months for all children); wait‐list group; interventions were not group‐based (10 or 12 sessions were delivered on an individual basis) |
| Brody 1985 | Child age not birth to 3 years; no additional information |
| Brotman 2003 | Randomised report of a pilot study; mean age under 3 years and 11 months for all children; no‐treatment control group; preventive intervention programme consisted not only of group sessions (n = 50) but also of individualised home visits (n = 10) |
| Brotman 2005a | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (range 2 years and 9 months to 5 years and 3 months); no‐intervention control group; intervention consisted not only of group sessions (n = 22) but also of individualised home visits (n = 10) |
| Brunk 1987 | Randomised to either of 2 treatment conditions; child age not birth to 3 years |
| Cerezo 1999 | Randomised; group‐based parent training; no child outcomes reported |
| Conner 2011 | Intervention includes a child programme together with the parenting programme |
| Constantino 2001 | Intervention includes an individual component ‐ home visitation |
| Cook 2012 | Randomised; intervention includes an individual component |
| CPPRG 2000 | Child age not birth to 3 years; multimodal; not solely group‐based |
| Cunningham 1995 | Block randomised; child age not birth to 3 years (mean age 54.2 months for community Intervention group, 52.3 months for clinic Intervention group, and 54.1 months for wait‐list control group); group‐based training; community intervention compared with clinic‐based intervention and wait‐list control |
| Dadds 1992 | No control group; child age not birth to 3 years |
| Drummond 2005 | Randomised; dual treatment cross‐over design; children did not meet age criterion (mean age 49.22 months); type of control group not specified; intervention was not group‐based |
| Dubey 1977 | Randomised; child age not birth to 3 years |
| EHSRC 2001 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion; intervention was not solely group‐based ("Participation in group parenting activities was lower than participation in other key services. Overall, slightly more than half of the families reported that they had attended an Early Head Start group parenting activities by the time of the second follow‐up" p 90) |
| Esdaile 1996 | Child age 2 to 3.5 years; further data not available from author |
| Fanning 2007 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (3 to 5 years old, mean age 56 months for treatment group and 55 months for control group); wait‐list control group; intervention was group‐based |
| Farrar 2005 | Randomised; children meet age criterion; control group meets inclusion criteria (placebo control group); intervention was group‐based; no relevant outcome measures (all outcomes were related to parent or parent's perception; not specific ratings of child's emotional and behavioural adjustment) |
| Farris 2013 | Randomised; outcomes in mothers only |
| Feinberg 2010 | Randomised; group‐based intervention began during the prenatal period |
| Fleming 2002 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (3 to 4 years old, mean age 50 months); normal service provision control group; no group‐based intervention (intervention delivered individually in participants' homes) |
| Forgatch 1979 | Randomised; children aged 3 to 5; parent training materials evaluated |
| Formiga 2004 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion (mean age 3 months and 6 days); normal service provision control group; it is not clear whether intervention was group‐based |
| Fujiwara 2011 | Not randomised or quasi‐randomised; cohort study |
| Glazebrook 2007 | Randomised; pre‐term infants in NICU; not measuring child emotional and behavioural adjustment |
| Gross 2014 | Randomised; Comparison of 2 active group‐based parent training programmes (Parent‐Child Interaction Therapy and Chicago Parent Program); No no‐intervention control group |
| Hanisch 2006 | Unclear from abstract whether study was a RCT or a quasi‐RCT; children did not meet age criterion (range 3 to 6 years); no‐treatment control group; group‐based intervention; full paper was in German |
| Harris 1989 | Child age not birth to 3 years |
| Hawkins‐Walsh 2007 | Not randomised or quasi‐randomised; commentary |
| Hayes 2008 | Randomised; intervention includes individual component |
| Helfenbaum‐Kun 2007 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (range 3 to 5 years, mean age 4 years); no‐treatment control group; intervention was group‐based |
| Hutchings 2008 | Not randomised or quasi‐randomised; commentary |
| Joachim 2010 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (range 2 to 6 years) |
| Johnson 1981 | Randomised; does not report on child emotional and behavioural adjustment outcomes |
| Kalymon 2009 | Randomised; no control group; same intervention administered a few weeks apart |
| Kern 2007 | Randomised; child age 3 to 5 years (mean age 53.2 months for MCI group and 54.1 months for PE group); control group did not meet the inclusion criteria; parent education and individualised assessment‐based intervention versus parent education |
| Lambermon 1989 | Randomised; child age birth to 3 years; not group‐based parent training |
| Letourneau 2001 | Randomised; first study: children meet age criterion (infants); second study: range (3 to 4 years) was within the age criterion, but mean age of all children was not reported; treatment‐as‐usual control group; intervention was not group‐based (the intervention was individually delivered in participants' homes) |
| Leung 2014 | Randomised; group‐based intervention (Grandparent Triple P) targeted grandparents who were not primary caregivers |
| Markie‐Dadds 2006 | Randomised; children meet age criterion (range 2 to 5 years, mean age 42.91 months for intervention group and 43.26 months for control group); wait‐list control group; intervention was not group‐based (self administered behavioural family intervention programme) |
| Mazza 2002 | Randomised; children meet age criterion (mean age 9 months for all children); treatment‐as‐usual control group; intervention not solely group‐based (intervention consisted of individual and group counselling, educational/vocational referrals, medical care and referrals, and housing and legal advocacy) |
| McBride 1991a | Randomised, child too old (range 25 to 64 months); wait‐list control group; group‐based parent training; no child outcome measures |
| McDade 1998 | Inappropriate outcome measures (not behavioural) |
| McGoey 2005 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (range 3 to 5 years, mean age 4 years); treatment‐as‐usual control group; intervention was group‐based |
| Melhuish 2007 | Not randomised or quasi‐randomised; commentary |
| Mendelsohn 2007 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion (new born babies, assessment took place at 33 months of age); treatment‐as‐usual control group; intervention was delivered on an individual basis during paediatrician visits (30‐ to 45‐minute sessions) |
| Minkovitz 2003 | Randomised and quasi‐randomised (6 randomisation and 9 quasi‐randomisation sites); children did meet age criterion (newborns up to 4 weeks of age were enrolled at birth and followed up to age 3 years); normal service provision control group; intervention was not group‐based (intervention consisted mainly of visits with physician, home visits etc.; parents were also offered support and learning opportunities in groups, as part of the intervention) |
| Moxley‐Haegert 1983 | Randomised; child age birth to 3 years; not group‐based parent training |
| Neef 1995 | Child age not birth to 3 years |
| Nixon 2004 | Randomised to 2 treatment conditions or control group; children did not meet age criterion (mean age 47.36 months for STD group and 48.30 months for ABB group); no‐treatment control group; intervention was not group‐based |
| Nurcombe 1984 | Randomised; child age birth to 3 years; not group‐based parent training |
| O'Brien Caughy 2004 | Randomised; children meet age criterion; control group meets inclusion criteria (placebo control group); type of control group not specified; intervention was not group‐based (intervention consisted of 9 standard paediatric office visits and 6 home visits) |
| Ostergren 2003 | Quasi‐randomised; children meet age criterion; no‐treatment control group; intervention was not group‐based (participants received individualised or generic guidance) |
| Oswalt 2013 | Randomised; pre‐term infants in NICU |
| Owen 2007 | Not randomised or quasi‐randomised; children meet age criterion (range 27 to 64 months); type of control group not specified; intervention was group‐based |
| Perez‐Nieves 2001 | Not truly randomised or quasi‐randomised: 2 intervention arms of the study were randomised but control group was partially a convenience sample of those who could not attend the intervention groups; children meet age criterion; control group meets the inclusion criteria; intervention was group‐based |
| Perou 2012 | Randomised; intervention included an individual component |
| Pisterman 1989 | Randomised; child age not birth to 3 years; wait‐list control; group‐based |
| Pitts 2001 | Randomised, children aged 3 to 12 years |
| Plant 2007 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion; wait‐list control group; focus of the study were children with developmental disabilities |
| Puckering 1994 | No child outcome measures; no control group |
| Quinn 2007 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (mean age 4.95 years for intervention group and 4.83 years for control group); wait‐list control group, intervention was group‐based |
| Rapee 2005 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (some children were older than 5 years of age, range 36 to 62 months, mean age 47.3 months for intervention group and 46.1 months for control group); no‐treatment control group; intervention was group‐based |
| Reedtz 2011 | Children were above age for inclusion ‐ range 2 to 8 years, mean age 47.4 months for boys and 45.7 months for girls |
| Roosa 1983 | Not group‐based parent training |
| Routh 1995 | Child age not birth to 3 years |
| Sanders 2000 | Randomised; not group‐based parent training |
| Sanders 2004 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (mean age 53.71 months for SBFI control group and 52.84 months for EBFI group); normal service provision control group; intervention was group‐based (intervention consisted of 4 additional group sessions targeting risk factors; normal service provision intervention consisted of 4 group sessions and 4 individual telephone sessions; both the intervention and the control group received normal service provision treatment) |
| Sanders 2007 | Randomised to 1 of 3 intervention conditions or to a wait‐list control condition; range 36 to 48 months at baseline (mean age not reported); wait‐list control group; interventions were not group‐based (interventions were self directed behavioural family therapy or interventions delivered on an individual basis) |
| Schachman 2001 | Randomised; participants were primiparous, expectant mothers, who were between 22 and 32 weeks gestation; normal service provision control group; intervention was group‐based Baby Boot Camp (BBC) education programme; study did not include any outcomes measuring infant mental health |
| Schappin 2013 | Randomised; parents of pre‐term infants and of term infants born with perinatal asphyxia |
| Shaw 2006 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion (range 17 to 26 months, mean age 24.1 months for all children); no‐treatment control group; intervention was not group‐based (intervention was delivered on an individual basis at participants' homes) |
| Sheeber 1994 | Randomised; mean age 4 years; wait‐list control; group‐based parent training |
| Shelton 2000 | Follow‐up study |
| Shrewsberry 1978 | Randomised; mean age 10.14 years |
| Siegert 1980 | Randomised; child age not birth to 3 years; no treatment control group; group‐based |
| Sonuga‐Barke 2001 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion (3‐year‐old children, mean age not reported); wait‐list control group; intervention was not group‐based (intervention was delivered on an individual basis in participants' homes) |
| Sonuga‐Barke 2004 | Randomised; children did meet age criterion (3‐year‐old children, mean age not reported); wait‐list control group; intervention was not group‐based (intervention was delivered on an individual basis in participants' homes) |
| St James‐Roberts 2001 | Randomised; children meet age criterion; treatment‐as‐usual control group; intervention was not group‐based (2 interventions were delivered on an individual basis in participants' homes) |
| Strayhorn 1989 | Childrens' ages ranged from 2 to 5 years; control group does not fit inclusion criteria |
| Taylor 1997 | Randomised; compares group well child care with individual well child care |
| Taylor 2011 | Randomised; mean age 5.3 years |
| Thomas 1977 | Randomised; severely emotionally disturbed children identified by Chatham‐Effingham Psychoeducational Center |
| Trillingsgaard 2015 | Randomised; group‐based intervention (Family Startup Program) started during pregnancy; Child socioemotional development (classified as tertiary outcome) assessed at ages 9 and 18 months |
| Truss 1977 | In addition to the group‐based intervention, booklets were mailed to parents in the experimental group on a monthly basis until the infant was 48 months of age |
| Tuerk 2008 | Randomised; mean age 10.6 years |
| Turner 1994 | Not group‐based parent training |
| Turner 2006 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (range 2 to 6 years); wait‐list control group; intervention was not group‐based (intervention was delivered on an individual basis at a primary care setting) |
| US Health Department 2001 | Randomised; children did meet age criteria (12 months of age or younger at baseline); type of control group was not reported; intervention was not group‐based |
| Vogel 2000 | Age of children not reported, correlational reanalysis of a RCT |
| Webster‐Stratton 2001 | Randomised; children did not meet age criterion (4 years old); 2 interventions were compared; group‐based intervention was combined with some individually‐delivered sessions |
| Wint 1987 | Not group‐based parent training |
ABB: an abbreviated form of parent‐child interaction therapy EBFI: enhanced group behavioural family intervention MCI: multi‐component intervention NICU: neonatal intensive care unit PE: parent education RCT: randomised controlled trial SBFI: standard behavioural family intervention STD: standard Parent‐Child Interaction Therapy