Table 2.
Distribution of Demographic and Mediational Factors Hypothesized to Correlate with Interpersonal Violence and Provide a Mechanism by Which the Effect of Violence on Current Mental May Be Mitigated
| Hierarchical combinations of violence (n, column %) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attribute and measure inclusion in conceptual model | n in strata | IPV/SA as an adult | Chi square df p-value | Childhood abuse (no IPV/SA) | Chi square df p-value | No violence | |
| Direct mechanism (MODEL 1) | N = 5223 | N = 1084 | N = 6287 | ||||
| Potential demographic confounders | |||||||
| Age group | 76.62 2p < 0.0001 | 7.85 2p = 0.005 | |||||
| Age 18–39 | 3815 | 1670 (32.0) | 253 (23.4) | 1892 (30.1) | Ref. | ||
| Age 40–54 | 4309 | 2053 (39.3) | 384 (35.4) | 1872 (29.8) | |||
| Age 55+ | 4470 | 1500 (28.7) | 447 (41.2) | 2523 (40.1) | |||
| Race | 36.8 1p < 0.0001 | 12.41 1p = 0.0002 | Ref. | ||||
| White | 11,939 | 4886 (93.5) | 1015 (93.6) | 6039 (93.1) | |||
| Nonwhite | 655 | 337 (6.5) | 69 (6.4) | 248 (3.9) | |||
| Sexual orientation | 83.18 1p < 0.0001 | 13.64 1p = 0.0001 | Ref. | ||||
| Exclusively heterosexual | 12,141 | 4946 (94.7) | 1041 (96.0) | 6154 (97.9) | |||
| Not exclusively heterosexual | 453 | 277 (5.3) | 43 (4.0) | 133 (2.1) | |||
| Employment status | 45.79 3p < 0.0001 | 0.65 3p = NS | Ref. | ||||
| Employed | 8514 | 3697 (70.8) | 704 (65.0) | 4112 (65.4) | |||
| Unemployed | 232 | 140 (2.7) | 23 (2.1) | 69 (1.1) | |||
| Retired or disabled | 3683 | 1307 (25.0) | 342 (31.5) | 2034 (32.4) | |||
| Other | 165 | 78 (1.5) | 15 (1.4) | 72 (1.1) | |||
| Kentucky region | 3.69 1p = 0.02 | 5.21 1p = 0.01 | Ref. | ||||
| Rural | 4443 | 1909 (36.5) | 345 (31.8) | 2189 (34.8) | |||
| Urban | 8151 | 3314 (63.5) | 739 (68.2) | 4098 (65.2) | |||
| Education | 45.34 3p < 0.0001 | 46.96 3p < 0.0001 | |||||
| ≤High school graduate/GED) | 1042 | 445 (8.5) | 84 (7.7) | 513 (8.2) | |||
| Some college or Associates | 3761 | 1808 (34.6) | 309 (28.5) | 1644 (26.1) | |||
| College graduate or beyond | 7553 | 2851 (54.6) | 680 (62.8) | 4022 (64.0) | |||
| Other | 238 | 119 (2.3) | 11 (1.0) | 108 (1.7) | |||
| Insurance group | 146.41 4p < 0.0001 | 10.34 4p = 0.001 | Ref. | ||||
| Private insurance | 10,873 | 4360 (83.5) | 935 (86.3) | 5578 (88.7) | |||
| Medicare | 818 | 294 (5.6) | 77 (7.1) | 447 (7.1) | |||
| Medicaid | 167 | 120 (2.3) | 11 (1.0) | 36 (0.6) | |||
| VA | 161 | 74 (1.4) | 18 (1.7) | 69 (1.1) | |||
| Uninsured or unknown | 575 | 375 (7.2) | 43 (4.0) | 157 (2.5) | |||
| Proposed indirect mechanisms: mediators of the effects of violence on current health | |||||||
| (1) Self-perceived stress (MODEL 2) | 420.99 3p < 0.0001 | 33.21 4p < 0.0001 | Ref. | ||||
| Small | 3909 | 1243 (23.8) | 338 (31.2) | 2328 (37.0) | |||
| Moderate | 5553 | 2289 (43.9) | 465 (42.9) | 2799 (44.5) | |||
| Large | 2506 | 1276 (24.4) | 235 (21.7) | 995 (15.8) | |||
| Overwhelming | 626 | 415 (8.0) | 46 (4.2) | 165 (2.6) | |||
| (2) Support (MODEL 3) | |||||||
| Social Support | 226.10 1p < 0.0001 | 41.29 1p < 0.0001 | Ref. | ||||
| No | 1084 | 667 (12.8) | 107 (9.9) | 310 (4.9) | |||
| Yes | 11,510 | 4556 (87.2) | 977 (90.1) | 5977 (95.1) | |||
| Marital status | 461.93 4p < 0.0001 | 2.97 4p = NS | Ref. | ||||
| Married | 8345 | 3045 (58.3) | 772 (71.2) | 4528 (72.0) | |||
| Widowed | 710 | 240 (4.6) | 67 (6.2) | 403 (6.4) | |||
| Never married | 1507 | 617 (11.8) | 111 (10.2) | 779 (12.4) | |||
| Separated | 153 | 107 (2.0) | 13 (1.2) | 33 (0.5) | |||
| Divorced | 1879 | 1214 (23.2) | 121 (11.2) | 544 (8.7) | |||
| (3) Negative health behaviors (MODEL 4), n (% yes) | |||||||
| Current smoker | 1276 | 812 (15.5) | 255.3 1p < 0.0001 | 65 (6.0) | 0.258 1p = NS | 399 (6.3) | Ref. |
| Problem alcohol use | 865 | 582 (11.1) | 237.00 1p < 0.0001 | 47 (4.3) | 0.86 1p = NS | 236 (3.8) | Ref. |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 2799 | 1357 (26.0) | 78.33 1p < 0.0001 | 242 (22.3) | 5.99 1p = 0.008 | 1200 (19.1) | Ref. |
| Current health (outcomes) | |||||||
| (1) Poor mental health (≥4 days, past month) | 788 | 541 (10.4) | 237.00 1p < 0.0001 | 68 (6.3) | 31.94 1p < 0.0001 | 179 (2.8) | Ref. |
| (2) Poor physical health (≥4 days, past month) | 1625 | 931 (17.8) | 208.10 1p < 0.0001 | 146 (13.5) | 23.69 1p < 0.0001 | 548 (8.7) | Ref. |