Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to the mode of delivery, Ethiopia DHS 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||
| DHS 2000 | DHS 2005 | DHS 2011 | DHS 2016 | |||||
| Caesarean (n=86) % |
Vaginal (n=12 174) % |
Caesarean (n=111) % |
Vaginal (n=11 052) % |
Caesarean (n=175) % |
Vaginal (n=11 697) % |
Caesarean (n=213) % |
Vaginal (n=10 810) % |
|
| Neonatal death | ||||||||
| Yes | 4.5 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 8.3 | 2.7 |
| No | 95.5 | 95.2 | 93.3 | 96.1 | 94.5 | 96.3 | 91.7 | 97.3 |
| Types of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 76.2 | 9.9 | 68.8 | 6.7 | 70.9 | 12.0 | 60.4 | 10.1 |
| Rural | 23.8 | 90.1 | 31.2 | 93.3 | 29.1 | 88.0 | 39.6 | 89.9 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Tigray | 4.0 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 12.5 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 6.5 |
| Affar | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
| Amhara | 3.7 | 26.3 | 15.2 | 23.6 | 19.4 | 22.4 | 22.1 | 18.7 |
| Oromia | 46.3 | 40.7 | 28.5 | 39.6 | 14.6 | 42.6 | 21.2 | 44.5 |
| Somali | 2.3 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 4.7 |
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
| SNNPR | 18.5 | 21.2 | 21.6 | 22.4 | 17.4 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 20.8 |
| Gambela | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Harari | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 |
| Addis Ababa | 16.9 | 1.4 | 22.1 | 1.2 | 27.6 | 1.5 | 24.5 | 1.8 |
| Dire Dawa | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
| Mother’s age at birth | ||||||||
| <20 | 19.4 | 12.0 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 6.4 | 10.0 |
| 20–29 | 70.8 | 51.3 | 59.8 | 51.2 | 62.8 | 55.7 | 58.4 | 54.6 |
| 30–39 | 9.8 | 30.0 | 24.1 | 29.3 | 23.7 | 28.7 | 31.7 | 30.9 |
| 40–49 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 6.2 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 4.5 |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| No education | 15.7 | 82.5 | 30.1 | 79.7 | 19.9 | 70.0 | 22.8 | 66.9 |
| Primary | 21.8 | 13.0 | 14.5 | 16.6 | 44.7 | 26.8 | 35.1 | 26.6 |
| Secondary | 56.4 | 4.3 | 46.5 | 3.4 | 22.2 | 1.9 | 15.3 | 4.5 |
| Higher | 6.2 | 0.2 | 8.9 | 0.3 | 13.2 | 1.2 | 26.8 | 2.0 |
| Place of delivery* | ||||||||
| Public | 96.3 | 4.0 | 90.2 | 3.9 | 83.5 | 7.6 | 84.0 | 23.6 |
| Private | 1.3 | 0.1 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 13.6 | 0.8 | 13.7 | 0.9 |
| NGO | 2.4 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 0.2 |
| Home | 0.0 | 95.6 | 0.0 | 95.7 | 0.0 | 91.4 | 0.0 | 75.2 |
| Birth order | ||||||||
| 1 | 75.5 | 18.6 | 53.2 | 17.0 | 53.5 | 18.5 | 41.4 | 18.2 |
| 2 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 26.0 | 15.5 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 25.6 | 16.0 |
| 3 | 2.2 | 13.7 | 5.7 | 14.5 | 10.3 | 14.2 | 18.2 | 14.2 |
| 4 | 1.0 | 11.3 | 1.5 | 12.9 | 6.0 | 12.6 | 3.3 | 12.5 |
| 5 | 0.6 | 10.4 | 2.2 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 5.3 | 11.4 |
| 6+ | 3.2 | 29.5 | 11.4 | 29.4 | 4.7 | 27.2 | 6.3 | 27.6 |
| Sex of child | ||||||||
| Male | 61.8 | 51.2 | 51.3 | 51.3 | 57.2 | 51.9 | 54.0 | 51.9 |
| Female | 38.2 | 48.8 | 48.7 | 48.7 | 42.8 | 48.1 | 46.0 | 48.1 |
| Size of baby at birth† | ||||||||
| Very large | 9.8 | 5.3 | 30.7 | 22.3 | 25.8 | 19.2 | 26.5 | 17.6 |
| Larger than average | 32.0 | 25.4 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 16.0 | 13.8 |
| Average | 34.6 | 35.7 | 37.4 | 40.0 | 42.3 | 38.2 | 36.1 | 41.7 |
| Smaller than average | 19.7 | 27.5 | 9.4 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 10.1 |
| Very small | 3.7 | 5.9 | 9.5 | 20.6 | 14.8 | 20.6 | 12.7 | 16.0 |
| Do not know | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Wealth quantile | ||||||||
| Poorest | 1.9 | 21.1 | 0.6 | 22.1 | 2.0 | 23.1 | 7.2 | 24.2 |
| Poorer | 4.9 | 21.0 | 5.9 | 21.3 | 8.4 | 22.6 | 12.2 | 23.1 |
| Middle | 4.1 | 22.0 | 3.9 | 22.5 | 9.0 | 20.7 | 10.8 | 20.9 |
| Richer | 6.1 | 20.5 | 9.7 | 20.0 | 6.5 | 19.3 | 9.3 | 18.3 |
| Richest | 83.0 | 15.5 | 79.9 | 14.2 | 74.1 | 14.2 | 60.4 | 13.5 |
n=weighted.
*Missing for 2000 (n = 9).
†Mother’s estimate of baby’s size at birth.
DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; NGO, Non-governmental Organisation.