Table 1.
Progress on integration of TM in national health systems of countries in the WHO African region as at December 2018
| Country | TM included in national health policies and national health strategic plans n=30 | Exclusive national TM policy n=40 | Legal framework for TM practice n=38 |
Code of ethics for THPs n=22 |
Strategic plan for policy implementation n=28 |
National TM programme in Ministry of Health n=38 |
National expert committee on TM n=34 |
National research institutes dedicated to TM n=34 |
Monographs n=26 and herbal pharmacopoiea n=7 |
Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants n=39 | Registration systems that include TM products n=21 |
Local production of TM products n=19 |
Traditional medicine products in NEMLs n=8 |
Institutionalised training programmes for THPs n=13 |
Functional Collaboration between THPs and CHPs n=15 |
Developed frameworks/ policy for protection of IPR/TMK n=16 |
A national plan for integrating TM into the National Health Service delivery |
| Algeria | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
| Angola | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| Benin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 2 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Botswana | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| Burundi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| Burkina Faso | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 2 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Cameroon | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Cape Verde |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| Central African Republic | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| Chad | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Comoros | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| Republic of Congo |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Cote d’Ivoire |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Herbal Pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Democratic Republic of Congo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Herbal Pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Eritrea | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| Ethiopia | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Equatorial Guinea |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| Gabon | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| Gambia | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| Ghana | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Herbal pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ GAFTRAM |
✓ | ✓ | |
| Guinea | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Herbal Pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Guinea Bissau | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| Kenya | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| Lesotho | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
| Liberia | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| Madagascar | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 2 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| Malawi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Mali | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ AIDEMET |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Mauritania | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| Mauritius | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Herbal pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| Mozambique | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Namibia | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| Nigeria | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 2 |
Herbal pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Niger | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Rwanda | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Sao Tome and Principe |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| Senegal | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ PROMETRA |
✓ | |||||
| Seychelles | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| Sierra Leone |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| South Africa |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| South Sudan |
✓ | ||||||||||||||||
| Eswatini | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| Togo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Uganda | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Herbal pharm. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ THETA |
✓ | |||||
| United Republic of Tanzania |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 2 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ TAWG |
✓ | ||||
| Zambia | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| Zimbabwe | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Source: Compiled from information submitted by WHO Member States during, 2000–2018. The following additional herbal pharmacopoeias have been developed: (1) WAHO Herbal Pharmacopoeia for the Economic Community of West African States Member States, First Edition, 2013 (with WHO support). (2) African Pharmacopoeia (Multilingual dictionary and monographs of African medicinal plants) for Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. (3) African Pharmacopoeia by the Organization of the African Unity, Scientific and Technical Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Volume I, First Edition, 1985 and OAU/STRC, Volume II, First Edition, 2014. (4) African Herbal Pharmacopoeia by the Association for African Medicinal Plants Standards, First Edition, 2010.
AIDEMET, Aide in Development of Traditional Medicine, an NGO based in Mali; PROMETRA, Promotion of traditional medicine, an NGO based in Senegal; TAWAG, Tanga AIDS Working Group based in the United Republic of Tanzania; THETA, Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Against AIDS based in Uganda.