Table 6.
Relationships between HIV and empowerment outcomes
| Authors | Target population | Traditional HIV prevention outcomes (outcome 1) | Empowerment, inclusion and agency outcomes (outcome 2) | Relationship between outcomes 1 and 2 measured or not | List of relationships measured | Direction of relationship |
| Colchero et al41 | MSM | (1) HIV testing, (2) no of sexual partners, (3) awareness of HIV status, (4) HIV positive on treatment, (5) condom use at last sex | (1) Self-reported perception of stigma and discrimination from healthcare providers | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Beattie et al37 | FSW | (6) Consistent condom use | (2) Self-efficacy to negotiate condom use and HIV/STI testing, (3) increased disclosure of IPV, (4) decreased acceptance of violence by partner, (5) increased knowledge of self-protection strategies and sources of support for IPV, (6) Increased solidarity among FSWs around IPV | (NA) | (NA) | (NA) |
| Buttolph et al47 | Youth in high-burden settings | (7) Adherence (PrEP and ART), (8) voluntary medical male circumcision, (9) condom and contraceptive use, (10) HIV rapid test | (7) Keeping girls in school (school attendance) | (NA) | (NA) | (NA) |
| Chiao et al42 | FSW | (11) HIV testing, (12) consistent condom use | (8) HIV perceived control and severity, (9) social support, employer’s supportive attitude, (10) can talk to employer about condoms | Measured | (1) HIV testing, employers' supportive attitude; (2) consistent condom use, employer's supportive attitude, can talk to employer about condoms; (3) HIV testing, employer's supportive attitude, HIV perceived control and severity; (4) consistent condom use, employer's supportive attitude, can talk to employer about condoms, HIV perceived control and severity | Positive |
| Cowan et al38 | FSW | (13) Knowledge of HIV status, (14) reported condomless sex with client in past month, (15) HIV positive on treatment | (11) Reporting good relationship with other FSW | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Fatti et al48 | Pregnant and postpartum women | (16) HIV incidence, (17) HIV testing | (12) Receiving support to access social security grants | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Firestone et al19 | MSM | (18) Condom and lubricant use at last sex, (19) consistent condom use in past 30 days, (20) HIV test in past 12 months, (21) seeking treatment for STI past 12 months | (13) Friends’ knowing the respondents’ sexual orientation, (14) being out with friends, (15) participating in gay or TG events, (16) ever visited a gay bar/disco | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Futterman et al43 | Pregnant women | (22) Adherence to PMTCT practices, (23) HIV knowledge score | (17) Emotional functioning, (18) HIV discomfort score, (19) depression scale, (20) COPE scale, (21) interaction and bonding score, (22) disclosing status to partner or family member, (23) social support (availability and satisfaction) | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Go et al39 | MSM | (24) HIV Incidence, (25) direct/indirect sharing of needles, injecting drugs, solution and distilled water in past 3 months, (26) frequency of injecting, (27) unprotected sex in past 3 months, (28) HIV knowledge | (24) Depression, HIV status disclosure, (25) HIV-related stigma scale, (26) IDU-related stigma scale, (27) social support scale, (28) injecting network size | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Kerrigan et al46 | FSW | (29) HIV incidence, (30) consistent condom use | (29) Experiences of stigma and discrimination, (30) sex work stigma in community, (31) social cohesion, (32) participation in community mobilisation, (33) GBV violence experience | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Mergenova et al40 | FSW, PWID | (31) Biologically confirmed STI and (32) HIV rate, (33) unprotected sexual acts, (34) unsafe injection | (34) Condom use self-efficacy, (35) sexual communication skills, (36) savings, (37) perceived stigma, (38) social norms score, (39) social support | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
| Ramakrishnan et al49 | FSW | (35) HIV prevalence, (36) consistent condom use, (37) treatment for HIV and STIs, (38) knowledge of HIV transmission, (39) sexual behaviour | None | (NA) | (NA) | (NA) |
| Souverein et al44 | FSW | (40) STI incidence rate, (41) condom use | None | (NA) | (NA) | (NA) |
| USAID36 | FSW, MSM, TG | (42) HIV testing, (43) no of sex partners, (44) consistent condom use | (40) Trust in service/social support networks, (41) recognition of unmet rights, (42) participation in political organisations, HIV association, including peer group socialisation, and government | measured | (1) Consistent condom use, participation in PrevenSida or identifying HIV association | Positive |
| (1) Consistent condom use, peer group socialisation | Neutral | |||||
| Wirtz et al45 | MSM | (45) Condom use at last sex, (46) use of lubricants, (47) casual male partners | (43) Disclosure of sexual orientation to family and healthcare providers | Not measured | (NA) | (NA) |
This analysis excludes studies that do not measure empowerment, inclusion, and agency outcomes and study protocols given their irrelevance.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; FSW, female sex workers; GBV, gender-based violence; IDU, injecting drug users; IPV, intimate partner violence; MSM, men who have sex with men; NA, not applicable (direction of relationship is positive, negative or neutral);PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; PWID, people who inject drugs; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TG, transgender; USAID, United States Agency for International Development.