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A hypothetical processing schema of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9‐mediated activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β)/SMAD pathway in malignant and benign tumours. In malignant tumour cells, more MMP‐9 molecules are expressed, which induce the more active releases of SLC and TGF‐β from the latent form and phosphorylation of TGF‐β receptors and SMAD2/3
