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. 2019 Sep 9;56(5):1899–1929. doi: 10.1007/s13524-019-00816-z

Table 6.

Summary of results by skill, grade attainment level (low or high), and study

AGEP (Zambia)
Grade Attainment Skill BALIKA (Bangladesh) MSAS (Malawi) Rural Urban
High Attainment (grade 8 or higher)
English literacy None* None* None* None
Local language literacy None None None* None
Numeracy None None* –– ––
Low Attainment (grade 7 or lower)
English literacy Negative* Negative* Negative* Negative
Local language literacy Negative None Mixed* None
Numeracy Negative Negative* –– ––

Notes: In several cases, the <grade 6 attainment group experienced a different pattern from the rest of the sample. This summary table shows overall trends, despite these exceptions for the lowest grade attainment group.

*Statistically significant interaction between grade attainment and childbearing for each learning outcome.