Table 1.
Factor loadings (top) and factor correlations (bottom) for the 5-factor solution from the exploratory factor analysis of CBCL items
| F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary loading items | |||||
| Composite (Attacks/threatens) | 0.90 | 0.03 | −0.14 | −0.03 | 0.02 |
| Cruelty, bullying, or meanness to others | 0.88 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.01 | −0.03 |
| Composite (Disobeys rules) | 0.81 | −0.11 | 0.16 | −0.01 | −0.07 |
| Gets in many fights | 0.78 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Temper tantrums or hot temper | 0.77 | 0.25 | −0.08 | 0.01 | −0.11 |
| Argues a lot | 0.76 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.19 |
| Composite (Destroys) | 0.72 | −0.06 | 0.15 | −0.01 | 0.06 |
| Screams a lot | 0.72 | 0.17 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04 |
| Doesn’t seem to feel guilty after misbehaving | 0.71 | −0.11 | 0.11 | −0.03 | 0.05 |
| Swearing or obscene language | 0.70 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Teases a lot | 0.69 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.12 |
| Composite (Steals) | 0.69 | −0.23 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| Stubborn, sullen, or irritable | 0.69 | 0.27 | −0.09 | 0.08 | −0.05 |
| Lying or cheating | 0.68 | −0.18 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| Cruel to animals | 0.67 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.15 |
| Runs away from home | 0.60 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
| Sudden changes in mood or feelings | 0.60 | 0.32 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.03 |
| Easily jealous | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.07 |
| Composite (Peer problems) | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.14 | −0.03 | 0.26 |
| Suspicious | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.14 |
| Demands a lot of attention | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.00 | −0.25 |
| Thinks about sex too much | 0.51 | −0.08 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| Hangs around with others who get in trouble | 0.51 | −0.18 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Feels others are out to get him/her | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.11 |
| Sets fires | 0.50 | −0.18 | 0.19 | −0.08 | 0.06 |
| Sulks a lot | 0.49 | 0.34 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| Showing off or clowning | 0.49 | −0.04 | 0.36 | 0.04 | −0.28 |
| Bragging, boasting | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.08 | −0.31 |
| Whining | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.09 | −0.09 |
| Too fearful or anxious | −0.13 | 0.70 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Worries | −0.06 | 0.67 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
| Feels he/she has to be perfect | −0.01 | 0.67 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.02 |
| Feels too guilty | −0.02 | 0.65 | 0.18 | 0.06 | −0.01 |
| Nervous, high-strung, or tense | 0.04 | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.00 | −0.04 |
| Fears he/she might think or do something bad | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.19 | −0.03 | 0.04 |
| Feels worthless or inferior | 0.28 | 0.55 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.14 |
| Self-conscious or easily embarrassed | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
| Fears going to school | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.27 |
| Fears certain animals, situations, or places, other than school | −0.05 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Complains of loneliness | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
| Composite (Distracted/Hyperactive) | 0.21 | −0.04 | 0.77 | −0.06 | 0.00 |
| Daydreams or gets lost in his/her thoughts | −0.12 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
| Stares blankly | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.36 |
| Confused or seems to be in a fog | −0.06 | 0.07 | 0.60 | −0.02 | 0.36 |
| Poorly coordinated or clumsy | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 0.15 |
| Nervous movements or twitching | −0.01 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.00 | −0.02 |
| Fails to finish things he/she starts | 0.27 | −0.01 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Talks too much | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.12 | −0.26 |
| Can’t get his/her mind off certain thoughts; obsessions | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.50 | −0.05 | −0.02 |
| Poor school work | 0.29 | −0.14 | 0.49 | −0.04 | 0.18 |
| Repeats certain acts over and over; compulsions | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.48 | −0.03 | 0.14 |
| Strange ideas | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.04 | 0.18 |
| Acts too young for his/her age | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.45 | −0.09 | 0.12 |
| Gets hurt a lot, accident prone | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.41 | 0.31 | −0.02 |
| Prefers being with younger kids | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.19 |
| Nausea, feels sick | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.89 | −0.05 |
| Stomachaches | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.08 | 0.82 | −0.03 |
| Vomiting, throwing up | 0.02 | −0.19 | −0.04 | 0.75 | 0.06 |
| Headaches | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.62 | 0.01 |
| Aches or pains (not stomach or headaches) | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.57 | −0.01 |
| Feels dizzy or lightheaded | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.53 | 0.11 |
| Other (physical problems without known physical cause) | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.48 | 0.02 |
| Problems with eyes (not if corrected by glasses) | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.23 |
| Rashes or other skin problems | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.04 |
| Withdrawn, doesn’t get involved with others | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.65 |
| Would rather be alone than with others | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.56 |
| Too shy or timid | −0.10 | 0.31 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.55 |
| Refuses to talk | 0.27 | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.51 |
| Underactive, slow moving, or lacks energy | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.45 |
| Non-primary loading or cross-loading items | |||||
| Secretive, keeps things to self | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
| Strange behavior | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.41 | −0.01 | 0.23 |
| There is very little he/she enjoys | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.34 |
| Unhappy, sad, or depressed | 0.38 | 0.42 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.23 |
| Unusually loud | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.11 | −0.21 |
| Deliberately harms self or attempts suicide | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.10 |
| Feels or complains that no one loves him/her | 0.54 | 0.47 | −0.10 | −0.05 | 0.07 |
| Impulsive or acts without thinking | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.49 | −0.05 | −0.11 |
| Talks about killing self | 0.44 | 0.38 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.05 |
| Overtired without good reason | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.32 |
| Composite (Sex play) | 0.33 | −0.03 | 0.17 | 0.03 | −0.01 |
| Composite (Weight problems) | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.16 |
| Composite (Hallucinations) | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.18 |
| Bowel movements outside toilet | 0.13 | −0.07 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
| Trouble sleeping | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.01 |
| Wets self during the day | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.17 |
| Wets the bed | 0.13 | −0.10 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
| Wishes to be of opposite sex | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.24 |
| Clings to adults or too dependent | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
| Cries a lot | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
| Doesn’t eat well | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
| Gets teased a lot | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.28 |
| Bites fingernails | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.05 | −0.04 |
| Nightmares | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.27 | −0.03 |
| Constipated, doesn’t move bowels | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| Picks nose, skin, or other parts of body | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.08 | −0.04 |
| Prefers being with older kids | 0.30 | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| Sleeps less than most kids | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.04 |
| Sleeps more than most kids during day and/or night | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.26 |
| Speech problem | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.34 | −0.01 | 0.23 |
| Stores up too many things he/she doesn’t need | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
| Talks or walks in sleep | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.25 | −0.14 |
| Thumb-sucking | 0.11 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| Factor correlations | |||||
| F1 (Externalizing) | 1 | ||||
| F2 (Internalizing) | 0.33 | 1 | |||
| F3 (Neurodevelopmental) | 0.59 | 0.33 | 1 | ||
| F4 (Somatoform) | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 1 | |
| F5 (Detachment) | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 1 |
Bold indicates primary loadings (≥0.35) with at least 0.10 difference from the second largest loading. All factor correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.001, two-tailed)
CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, F1 externalizing factor, F2 internalizing factor, F3 neurodevelopmental factor, F4 somatoform factor, F5 detachment factor