TABLE 3.
Results of t-test comparing age groups in all measures.
|
Group |
|||||||||
| Preschoolers | Third-graders | Mean difference | Standard error difference | 95% CI for mean difference | Levene’s test | ||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | F | t1 | df1 | |||||
| Intelligence | Vocabulary | 108.05(11.67) | 107.07(10.82) | 0.98 | 2.33 | −3.65, 5.60 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 84 |
| Matrices | 112.28(12.06) | 98.44(20.31) | 13.84 | 3.62 | 6.63, 21.05 | 2.24 | 3.82∗∗∗ | 82 | |
| Composite IQ | 109.23(9.72) | 102.17(12.90) | 7.06 | 2.49 | 2.12, 12.01 | 3.57# | 2.84∗∗ | 82 | |
| Ejecutive function | Simple conflict resolution | 285.65(127.68) | 174.03(98.90) | 111.61 | 24.63 | 62.64, 160.59 | 2.62 | 4.53∗∗∗ | 84 |
| Mixed conflict resolution | 28.17(160.91) | 29.91(87.11) | –1.74 | 27.90 | −57.47, 53.99 | 11.80∗∗∗ | –0.06 | 65 | |
| Cognitive flexibility | 362.64(141.32) | 303.62(137.62) | 59.02 | 30.08 | −0.80, 118.85 | 0.12 | 1.96# | 84 | |
| Working memory | 4.60(0.90) | 6.26(1.20) | –1.65 | 0.23 | −2.11, −1.20 | 2.79# | –7.22∗∗∗ | 84 | |
| Theory of mind | Cognitive ToM | −0.45(0.77) | 0.45(0.59) | –0.90 | 0.15 | −1.19, −0.60 | 4.70∗ | –6.07∗∗∗ | 84 |
| Affective ToM | −0.40(0.74) | 0.40(0.73) | –0.80 | 0.16 | −1.12, −0.48 | 0.26 | –5.03∗∗∗ | 84 | |
| Prejudice | Prejudice | 9.84(7.09) | 10.49(6.15) | –0.65 | 1.43 | −3.50, 2.19 | 0.54 | –0.46 | 84 |
| Counter-bias | 6.98(4.93) | 8.53(5.88) | –1.56 | 1.17 | −3.89, 0.077 | 2.27 | –1.33 | 84 | |
∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; #p > 0.05.1The reported Student’s t and degrees of freedom when the Levene’s test is significant is the corrected t. Cognitive ToM, cognitive theory of mind; Affective ToM, affective theory of mind.