Table 1.

Overview of gamification approaches [24].

Gaming approach		Description
Economic gamification techniques
	Marketplace and economies	Providing gamers with a virtual currency that allows them to deal in game
	Digital rewards	These include badges, game currency, game points, virtual goods, and powers or abilities
	Real-world prizes	Provides gamers with options to exchange in-game credits for real-world prizes such as vouchers or other forms of goods and services
Social gamification techniques
	Avatar	Allows individuals to choose a virtual character to represent oneself
	Agent	A virtual character that help guides or provides instructions to user
	Competition	Allows individuals to compete with other players or with each other
	Teams	Game that involves several individual players, allowing them to interact and form relationships
	Parallel communication systems	Allows individuals to communicate with one another
	Social pressure	Ability of game to pressurize individuals to perform in certain task, so that he or she will be invited to subsequent events.
Performance-orientated techniques
	Feedback	Spoken, visual, or auditory feedback about user’s performance
	Levels	Information on the stage of a game one has attained
	Secondary game objectives	Secondary goals that reward the player upon completion
	Ranks of achievement	Measurement of character development
	Leaderboards	Allows for comparisons with other players
	Time pressure	Pre-determined time limits for task completion
Embedding-focused techniques
	Narrative context	A storyboard or stories that guide development of the character
	3D environment	3D models of objects that parallel the real world