Table 1.
Individual and household-level characteristics of categorical variables and their relationship with the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle in northern Tanzania.
| Risk factor | Total N (%) | Neospora seropositive n (%) | Univariable regression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Individual-level | ||||
| Age | <18 months | 835 (29.4) | 70 (8.4) | Ref |
| ≥18 months | 2,003 (70.6) | 285 (14.2) | 2.49 (1.73–3.69) | |
| Breed | Indigenous | 2,567 (90.5) | 334 (13.0) | Ref |
| Cross | 271 (9.5) | 21 (7.7) | 0.61 (0.24–1.55) | |
| Sex | Female | 1,894 (66.7) | 248 (13.1) | Ref |
| Male | 944 (33.3) | 107 (11.3) | 0.79 (0.56–1.10) | |
| Household-level | ||||
| Keep chickens | No | 412 (14.6) | 41 (10.0) | Ref |
| Yes | 2,404 (85.4) | 312 (13.0) | 1.15 (0.63–2.15) | |
| Keep small ruminants | No | 207 (7.3) | 28 (13.5) | Ref |
| Yes | 2,631 (92.7) | 327 (12.4) | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) | |
| Keep dogs | No | 801 (28.2) | 98 (12.2) | Ref |
| Yes | 2,037 (71.8) | 257 (12.6) | 1.03 (0.62–1.70) | |
| Feed placenta to dogs | No | 463 (16.3) | 66 (14.3) | Ref |
| Yes | 2,375 (83.7) | 289 (12.2) | 0.88 (0.49–1.59) | |
| Cattle introduction | No | 1,974 (69.6) | 246 (12.5) | Ref |
| Yes | 864 (30.4) | 109 (12.6) | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) | |
| Restricted grazing | No | 2,637 (93.0) | 349 (13.2) | Ref |
| Yes | 198 (7.0) | 6 (3.0) | 0.22 (0.07–0.65) | |
| Production system | Mixed | 1,223 (43.1) | 148 (12.1) | Ref |
| Pastoral | 1,615 (56.9) | 207(12.8) | 1.15 (0.40–3.41) | |
| Wildlife area | No | 1,477 (52.5) | 163 (11.0) | Ref |
| Yes | 1,339 (47.5) | 190 (14.2) | 1.50 (0.67–3.49) | |
| See wildlife | No | 1,091 (38.4) | 130 (11.9) | Ref |
| Yes | 1,747 (61.6) | 225 (12.9) | 1.36 (0.79–2.36) | |