Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the stratified sample by urban and rural study site.
| Rural | Urban | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Female | Male | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 | 388 (24.5) | 318 (24.3) | 447 (32.2) | 302 (31.2) |
| 30–39 | 327 (20.7) | 304 (21.7) | 329 (23.7) | 222 (22.9) |
| 40–49 | 367 (23.2) | 316 (23.5) | 328 (23.6) | 222 (22.9) |
| 50–59 | 255 (16.1) | 190 (15.3) | 177 (12.7) | 111 (11.5) |
| 60–69 | 152 (9.6) | 92 (8.4) | 74 (5.3) | 80 (8.3) |
| 70+ | 92 (5.8) | 105 (6.8) | 34 (2.5) | 32 (3.3) |
| Household possession score | ||||
| 1 (poorest) | 419 (26.5) | 319 (24.1) | 126 (9.1) | 99 (10.2) |
| 2 | 450 (28.5) | 380 (28.7) | 121 (8.7) | 118 (12.2) |
| 3 | 297 (18.8) | 258 (19.5) | 253 (18.2) | 175 (18.1) |
| 4 | 332 (21.0) | 291 (22.0) | 416 (30.0) | 234 (24.2) |
| 5 (wealthiest) | 83 (5.3) | 77 (5.8) | 473 (34.1) | 343 (35.4) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Farming/fishing | 1297 (82.0) | 966 (72.9) | 14 (1.0) | 6 (0.6) |
| Self-employed | 113 (7.2) | 126 (9.6) | 308 (22.2) | 245 (25.3) |
| Employed | 30 (1.9) | 93 (7.0) | 178 (12.8) | 378 (39.0) |
| Not working | 63 (4.0) | 135 (10.2) | 283 (20.4) | 271 (28.0) |
| Housework | 78 (4.9) | 5 (0.4) | 606 (43.6) | 69 (7.1) |
| Education | ||||
| No formal | 145 (9.2) | 30 (2.3) | 115 (8.3) | 24 (2.5) |
| Standard 1–5 | 337 (21.3) | 169 (12.8) | 154 (11.1) | 52 (5.4) |
| Standard 6–8 | 843 (53.3) | 636 (48.0) | 345 (24.8) | 199 (20.5) |
| Secondary | 243 (15.4) | 459 (34.6) | 602 (43.3) | 474 (48.9) |
| Tertiary | 13 (0.8) | 31 (2.3) | 173 (12.5) | 220 (22.7) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No alcohol in past year | 1509 (95.5) | 787 (59.4) | 1319 (95.0) | 635 (65.5) |
| Alcohol in past year | 72 (4.6) | 538 (40.6) | 70 (5.0) | 334 (34.5) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 1581 (100) | 1071 (80.8) | 1380 (99.4) | 788 (81.3) |
| Ex-smoker | 0 (0) | 65 (4.9) | 6 (0.4) | 88 (9.1) |
| Current smoker | 0 (0) | 189 (14.3) | 3 (0.2) | 93 (9.6) |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Did not meet WHO recommendations | 26 (1.6) | 36 (2.7) | 31 (2.2) | 50 (5.2) |
| Met WHO recommendations | 1555 (98.4) | 1289 (97.3) | 1358 (97.8) | 919 (94.8) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m 2) 1 | ||||
| <18 | 75 (5.0) | 80 (6.1) | 36 (2.7) | 36 (3.7) |
| 18–24.99 | 1029 (68.1) | 1110 (83.9) | 598 (44.7) | 679 (70.1) |
| 25–29.99 | 290 (19.2) | 118 (8.9) | 370 (27.7) | 196 (20.2) |
| 30+ | 118 (7.8) | 15 (1.1) | 333 (24.9) | 58 (6.0) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Hypertension | 262 (16.6) | 195 (14.7) | 305 (22.0) | 217 (22.4) |
| No hypertension | 1317 (83.4) | 1129 (85.3) | 1084 (78.0) | 752 (77.6) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Diabetes | 56 (3.5) | 50 (3.8) | 74 (5.3) | 53 (5.5) |
| No diabetes | 1525 (96.5) | 1275 (96.2) | 1314 (94.6) | 915 (94.4) |
| HIV status | ||||
| HIV positive | 140 (14.3) | 101 (13.7) | 140 (10.7) | 72 (8.4) |
| HIV negative | 840 (85.7) | 638 (86.3) | 1162 (89.3) | 789 (91.6) |
1Missing data on 123 participants (69 rural women, 2 rural men, 52 urban women).
2Missing data on 3 participants (2 rural women, 1 rural man).
3Missing data on 2 participants (1 urban woman, 1 urban man).
4Missing data on 1382 participants (601 rural women, 586 rural men, 87 urban women, 108 urban men).