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. 2019 Oct 6;25:583–592.

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Copyright © 2019 Molecular Vision.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, used for non-commercial purposes, and is not altered or transformed.

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Upregulation of tear cytokine concentrations in patients with dry eye. A: Tear concentrations of interleukin (IL)-33 showed statistically significant upregulation in the DE group compared with controls (3.00-fold upregulation, **p≤0.01, Kruskal–Wallis test, 21 and 17 samples in DE and controls respectively). B: Tear concentrations of IL-13 showed statistically significant upregulation in the DE group compared with controls (6.65-fold upregulation, **** p≤0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis test, 21 and 17 samples in DE and controls respectively). C: Tear concentrations of IL-5 showed statistically significant upregulation in the DE group compared with controls (16.54 -fold upregulation, p=0.01, Kruskal–Wallis test, 21 and 17 samples in DE and controls respectively). DE, dry eye.