Table 1.
Examples of existing cell tissue engineering studies
| Cells | Source | Species | SCI model | Cotransplant material | Relevant mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCs | Sciatic nerve | Rat | CS is a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord | Alginate hydrogel scaffold and BDNF | Neuroprotection axon growth remyelin38 |
| OECs | Olfactory bulb | Rat | T9 spinal cord is completely transected | Olfactory sheath cytokines | Neuroprotection axon growth, functional connectivity48,49 |
| M2 macrophages | Mice | Mice | T12 spinal cord impingement injury | NSC | Decreased myelin-related glycoprotein increased angiogenesis and promoted axon regeneration6,55 |
| Fibroblasts | Catkin | Cat | T11/T12 spinal cord is completely transected | BDNF and NT-3 | Neuroprotection secretes extracellular matrix, promotes axon growth, and resheathing60 |
| NSCs | Rat brain | Rat | T8/T9 complete transection of spinal cord | Bifunctional scaffold combing collagen and EGFR antibody | Promotes neuronal differentiation and remyelin7 |
| ESCs | Embryo | Rat | C4/C5 spinal cord radiation injury | The oligodendrocytes are differentiated | Axons regenerate and myelin76 |
| BMSCs | Bone marrow of femur and tibia in rats | Rat | T9–T10 spinal cord hemisection | Crosslinked hydrogel scaffold with hyaluronic acid and adipate dihydrazide | Neuroprotection, immune regulation, axon regeneration79 |
| iPSCs | Genetic modification of human fetal lung fibroblasts | Rat | Spinal cord T8–T9 compression injury | — | Promote axon regeneration, angiogenesis, and motor function recovery11 |
BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMSC, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; NSC, neural stem cell; NT-3, neurotrophin-3; OECs, olfactory ensheathing cells; SCs, Schwann cells; SCI, spinal cord injury.