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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Inj Prev. 2018 Feb 7;25(3):191–198. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042676

Table 1.

Participant demographic characteristics, opioid use patterns, overdose history and risk and protective factors

Intervention Comparison Total
n=115 n=126 n=241
Age mean sd 40.2 11.5 42.3 11.5 41.3 11.5
Female 32 28% 37 29% 69 29%
Hispanic 14 12% 21 17% 35 15%
Race
White 60 53% 67 54% 127 53%
Black 17 15% 14 11% 31 13%
Asian 0 0% 2 2% 2 1%
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0 0% 2 2% 2 1%
American Indian/Native Alaskan 6 5% 6 5% 12 5%
Other 13 11% 14 11% 27 11%
More than one race 18 16% 19 15% 37 16%
Housing
Permanent 29 25% 44 35% 73 30%
Impermanent 19 17% 22 18% 41 17%
Homeless 67 58% 59 47% 126 53%
Education
<HS 38 33% 35 28% 73 30%
HS 37 32% 45 36% 82 34%
>HS 40 35% 46 37% 86 36%
Relationship
Not in a relationship 86 75% 83 66% 169 71%
In a relationship 28 25% 42 34% 70 29%
Employment
Employed 9 8% 9 7% 18 8%
Unemployed 88 77% 88 70% 176 73%
Retired 6 5% 4 3% 10 4%
Unable to work 7 6% 22 18% 29 12%
Other* 5 4% 2 2% 7 3%
Opioid type
Pharmaceutical only 18 16% 13 10% 31 13%
Heroin & No Opioid agonist therapy 67 58% 74 59% 141 59%
Heroin & Opioid agonist therapy 24 21% 24 19% 48 20%
Opioid agonist therapy no Heroin 6 5% 15 12% 21 9%
Smoke/snort/inject opioids # of days used opioids past 94 82% 101 80% 195 81%
30 days mean sd 24.3 8.4 25.1 8.8 24.7 8.6
Know others with OD education
Yes 45 39% 62 49% 107 44%
No/Do not know 69 60% 64 51% 133 55%
Know others who have naloxone
Yes 33 29% 41 33% 74 31%
No/Do not know 82 71% 85 67% 167 69%
Opioid overdose history
Never overdosed 48 42% 56 44% 104 43%
Overdosed, not past 3 months 48 42% 43 34% 91 38%
Overdosed past 3 months 19 17% 27 21% 46 19%
Used alone past 3 months Always/sometimes use ___within 2 hours of opioids 89 77% 100 79% 189 78%
Alcohol 36 31% 54 43% 90 37%
Sedatives/downers 48 42% 61 48% 109 45%
More than one kind of opioid 53 46% 54 43% 107 44%
Uppers- cocaine, methamphetamine, pharmaceutical 57 50% 72 57% 129 54%