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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 18.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine. 2019 Jan 8;115:60–63. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.010

Fig. 2. Enhanced TGF-β signaling mediated by various biomaterial platforms.

Fig. 2.

Exogenous TGF-β family ligands including BMPs are integrated into layers of synthetic polymers to promote TGF-β signaling through ALK5 and TβRII and BMPRI/II receptors for Smad2/3 and Smad1/5/8 pathways, respectively. Smads control the adhesion, migration and differentiation of various cell/tissue implants while further augmenting ECM deposition surrounding the biomaterial scaffolds.