In vitro effects of A769662, 4-PBA, and metformin on MGO-induced eIF2αSer51 phosphorylation. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental protocol used for MGO or drug treatments. Cultured DRG neurons were stimulated at day 5 in vitro with MGO (1 μM) for 24 hours in the presence of vehicle, A769662 (200 μM, for 1 hour), 4-PBA (1 μM, for 24 hours), or metformin (20 mM, for 1 hour). (B) A-769662 and (C) attenuate eIF2αSer51 phosphorylation in cultured DRG neurons treated with MGO. (D) Treatment with metformin for 1 hour produces a trend towards the reduction of eIF2αSer51 phosphorylation. One-way ANOVA, F(4, 27) = 3.981, P = 0.0115. Post-hoc Bonferroni: *P = 0.0023, vehicle vs MGO; &P = 0.0612, MGO vs metformin; *P = 0.0023, MGO vs 4-PBA; &&P = 0.0072, vehicle vs A769662. n = 4. (E) Quantification of B–D. ANOVA, analysis of variance.