Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 18.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2018 Dec 4;220:411–420. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.004

Table A1.

Summary Statistics for County-Level Characteristics

Dependent variable
Variable Description Obs Mean SD Min Max
Time Number of years since roll-out 2032 1.757874 0.95823 0 3
Independent variables (census data in 2010)
Variable Description Obs Mean SD Min Max
elderly Proportion of residents aged > 60 2016 0.121858 0.02741 0.044787 0.245302
primeage Proportion of residents aged 45-59 2016 0.182595 0.0336 0.084766 0.281767
Independent variables (China Data Center, averaged from 2006 to 2008)
Variable Description Obs Mean SD Min Max
population Population with local Hukou (10,000) 2032 46.96807 34.68808 0.673333 221.4667
gdppc GDP per capita (10,000) 2098 1.3671 1.338048 0.158216 17.55029
vaddedprim Proportion of primary industry added value in GDP 2032 11.72115 9.843006 0.126667 58.84
netrevenue Net revenue per capita of the local government (10,000) 2032 −0.13074 0.121803 −1.48527 0.209573
bed Number of beds per 10,000 people in hospitals and orphanages 2052 36.98728 19.73719 3.465704 210.4423
Independent variables (Party secretary characteristics)
Variable Description Obs Mean SD Min Max
ifhometown If it is the birth city 2198 0.040902 0.198145 0 1
age Age 2123 54.07195 3.494404 43 62
age50 Age below 50 2123 0.119379 0.324366 0 1
age54 Age 50-53 2123 0.253475 0.435179 0 1
age58 Age 54-57 2123 0.46852 0.499212 0 1
ageover58 Age above 58 2123 0.158626 0.365477 0 1
Gender Gender 2129 0.980472 0.138428 0 1
ifminority Minority or not 2111 0.072667 0.259697 0 1
College highest degree = B.A 2161 0.265246 0.441627 0 1
Master highest degree = M.A 2161 0.595151 0.491043 0 1
Phd highest degree = PhD 2161 0.139603 0.346702 0 1
partyschool Graduated from the Party School or not 2184 0.364161 0.481368 0 1
major_agri Major in agriculture 2138 0.069506 0.254409 0 1
major_humss Major in humanities / social science 2143 0.818317 0.385726 0 1
major_tech Major in science or technology 2139 0.291262 0.454513 0 1
major_medicine Major in medicine 2138 0.002242 0.047315 0 1
Independent variables (other sources)
Variable Description Obs Mean SD Min Max
Ifpoor National poverty-stricken county 2032 0.283957 0.451027 0 1
Auto Autonomous county,state or region 2032 0.30561 0.460779 0 1

Data sources: 1) county-level statistics (other than demographic characteristics) were drawn from the China Data Center at University of Michigan http://chinadatacenter.org/; 2) county demographic characteristics were drawn and averaged from China’s census data in 2000 and 2010; 3) prefecture-level party secretary information database 2000-2013 were compiled by China Insurance and Social Security Research Center at Fudan University (2015); 4) the national poverty-stricken county list in 2009.