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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 18.
Published in final edited form as: Demography. 2016 Dec;53(6):1905–1932. doi: 10.1007/s13524-016-0515-5

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Heterogeneous Direct Effects of Grandparents’ Education on Grandchildren’s Education by Family Structure and Race

Data sources: Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1968–2013.

Notes: The first two points in each subgraph refer to estimates of average parent and grandparent effects from the additive models in Table 5. The other points refer to estimates of grandparent effects in each family form from the interactive models in Table 6. Capped spikes refer to 95 percent confidence intervals of the estimates. Variables M1 and M2 refer to family structure in the grandparent generation and parent generation respectively. All the other variables are fixed at their means. Abbreviations refer to married parents (m.), divorced parents (div.), and unmarried parents (unm.).