Table A5.
Interactive Model Estimates for Direct Effects of Grandparents’ Education on Grandchildren’s Education by Family Structures across Generations based on Marginal Structural Models (MSM)
| Full Sample |
African Americans |
Whites |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| Grandparents, generation 1 | ||||||
| Years of schooling | 0.100*** (0.020) |
0.099*** (0.020) |
0.112** (0.037) |
0.116** (0.038) |
0.080*** (0.025) |
0.073** (0.025) |
| Family structure in G1 (reference: two-parent) | ||||||
| One-parent, divorced |
−0.055† (0.032) |
−0.055† (0.032) |
−0.068 (0.043) |
−0.068 (0.043) |
−0.027 (0.050) |
−0.027 (0.050) |
| One-parent, unmarried |
0.018 (0.050) |
0.017 (0.050) |
0.017 (0.063) |
0.017 (0.064) |
0.007 (0.077) |
0.010 (0.078) |
| Family structure in G2 (reference: two-parent) | ||||||
| One-parent, divorced |
−0.029 (0.026) |
−0.028 (0.027) |
−0.080† (0.043) |
−0.086* (0.044) |
−0.027 (0.037) |
−0.012 (0.038) |
| One-parent, unmarried |
−0.108*** (0.029) |
−0.104*** (0.030) |
−0.123*** (0.037) |
−0.128*** (0.037) |
−0.130* (0.061) |
−0.101† (0.061) |
| Number of missing grandparents (reference: two) |
||||||
| One | 1.424† (0.825) |
1.407† (0.817) |
1.130 (1.027) |
1.498 (1.005) |
0.623 (1.195) |
1.054 (1.122) |
| Three | −0.052 (0.273) |
−0.124 (0.286) |
−0.225 (0.395) |
−0.161 (0.414) |
−0.063 (0.434) |
−0.307 (0.449) |
| # missing grandparents | ||||||
| One missing grandparent | −0.131* (0.066) |
−0.127† (0.065) |
−0.087 (0.096) |
−0.138 (0.093) |
−0.080 (0.090) |
−0.102 (0.084) |
| Three missing grandparent | 0.001 (0.025) |
0.002 (0.025) |
0.021 (0.039) |
0.023 (0.039) |
0.004 (0.039) |
0.007 (0.039) |
| Family structure in G2 # missing grandparents | ||||||
| One-parent, divorced, one missing grandparent | -- | −0.349 (0.407) |
-- | −0.174 (0.703) |
-- | −0.311 (0.499) |
| One-parent, divorced, three missing grandparent | -- | 0.187 (0.591) |
-- | 0.687 (0.640) |
-- | −2.054* (0.984) |
| One-parent, unmarried, one missing grandparent | -- | −0.031 (0.172) |
-- | −0.281 (0.243) |
-- | 0.366 (0.249) |
| One-parent, unmarried, three missing grandparent | -- | 0.198 (0.172) |
-- | −0.020 (0.212) |
-- | 0.571 (0.363) |
| Number of family lineages | 1,485 | 1,485 | 586 | 586 | 899 | 899 |
| Number of observations | 5,357 | 5,357 | 2,525 | 2,525 | 2,832 | 2,832 |
Data sources: Multigenerational linked data from Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1968–2013.
Notes: Figures in parentheses are robust standard errors.
p < .1,
p < .05,
p < .01,
p < .001 (two-tailed tests).
Coefficients of main effects of parents’ family structure and education as well as interactions between parents’ education and family structure in G1 and G2 are omitted from the table. Coefficients of control variables including grandparents’ and parents’ disability status, occupational status, family income, and homeownership as well as grandchildren’s age groups, sex, region, and religion are not presented in the table. Individuals need to have at least one grandparent information available to be included into the analysis. Because of the sampling design of the PSID, most grandchildren have either paternal or maternal grandparents unavailable, namely two missing grandparents.