Table 1.

Principles of community-based participatory research, tribal participatory research, and transdisciplinary approaches

CBPRa	Tribal Participatory Researchb	Transdisciplinaryc
Community is unit of identity	Historical experience with research…work to overcome negative image of research	Focus on real-world problems
Builds on strengths and resources within the community	Recognize tribal sovereignty	Transcending and integrating disciplinary paradigms
Facilitates collaborative partnerships in all phases	Differential tribal & community membership	Participatory research
Integrates knowledge & action for mutual benefit of all partners	Understand tribal diversity and its implications	Search for unity of knowledge beyond disciplines
Promotes co-learning and empowers to address social inequities	Plan for extended timelines
Involves cyclical and iterative process	Recognize key gatekeepers
Addresses health from positive and ecological perspectives	Prepare for leadership turnover
Disseminates findings and knowledge gained to all partners	Interpret data within the cultural context
Long-term process & commitment to sustainability	Utilize Indigenous ways of knowing

Note:

^aIsrael, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., Becker, A. B., Allen, A. J., III, & Guzman, J. R. (2008). Critical issues in developing and following CBPR principles.

^bLaVeaux, D., & Christopher, S. (2009). Contextualizing CBPR: Key principles of CBPR meet the indigenous research context.

^cHadorn, G. H., Biber-Klemm, S., Grossenbacher-Mansuy, W., Hoffmann-Riem, H., Joye, D., Pohl, C., … Zemp, E. (2008). The emergence of transdisciplinarity as a form of research.