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. 2019 Oct 14;8:29–41. doi: 10.2147/ITT.S219867

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© 2019 Muhammad et al.

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Schematic representation of the pathway leading to IL-1β release from NK92 and its inhibition by DMF or MMF. After binding TLR (and perhaps others), LPS activates caspase-1 which induces the synthesis of IL-1β. Also, LPS upregulates the mRNA for IL-1β, and stimulates GSDMD which induces pyroptosis in the cell membranes allowing the exocytosis of IL-1β. The activities of GSDMD are inhibited by the drug DMF and by MMF plausibly through hypermethylation of GSDMD gene, resulting in impairing the exocytosis of this cytokine, and preventing the pyroptosis of NK92 cells.