Table 4.
Daily per capita energy intake (kcal) from beverage categories in 2015, by socio-demographic variable (N = 20,176)
| Other unsweetened | SSBs | Plain milk | Alcoholic beverages | 100% juice | Diet or light beverages | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean energy in kcal (95% CI) Adjusted p-value | Mean energy in kcal (95% CI) Adjusted p-value | Mean energy in kcal (95% CI) Adjusted p-value | Mean energy in kcal (95% CI) Adjusted p-value | Mean energy in kcal (95% CI) Adjusted p-value | Mean energy in kcal (95% CI) Adjusted p-value | ||||||||
| Model statistics | n | F(26,20,176) = 15.46 | F(26,20,176) = 55.35 | F(26,20,176) = 85.49 | F(26,20,176) = 51.42 | F(26,20,176) = 43.51 | F(1,20,176) = 16.30 | ||||||
| Sex | p = 0.4423 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p = 0.3181 | |||||||
| Male | 10,096 | 5.1 | (3.2, 7.0) | 119.9 | (111.1, 128.7) | 70.3 | (65.7, 74.9) | 96.5 | (85.5, 107.4) | 38.7 | (35.3, 42.0) | 1.4 | (1.1, 1.7) |
| Female | 10,080 | 6.0 | (5.0, 6.9) | 77.5 | (72.1, 82.9) | 57.9 | (54.2, 61.5) | 45.4 | (39.8, 51.1) | 28.7 | (26.6, 30.9) | 1.7 | (0.8, 2.6) |
| Age (years) | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | |||||||
| 1–8 | 1800 | 0.2 | (0.0, 0.4) | 74.0 | (66.4, 81.6) | 149.8 | (140.5, 159.1) | 0.6 | (0.0, 1.6)* | 56.3 | (51.4, 61.3) | 0.3 | (0.1, 0.5) |
| 9–18 | 2230 | 1.1 | (0.3, 1.8) | 152.0 | (141.0, 163.0) | 98.9 | (93.0, 104.7) | 5.0 | (2.5, 7.4) | 54.5 | (49.9, 59.1) | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.2) |
| 19–30 | 2622 | 5.1 | (3.0, 7.2) | 165.6 | (139.0, 192.2) | 61.0 | (45.3, 76.6) | 91.0 | (66.1, 115.9) | 41.7 | (32.1, 51.2) | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.2) |
| 31–50 | 6150 | 8.8 | (5.7, 12) | 101.1 | (90.3, 111.8) | 45.1 | (40.7, 49.6) | 86.2 | (73.1, 99.3) | 27.1 | (23.2, 31.0) | 1.5 | (1.1, 1.9) |
| 51+ | 7374 | 5.6 | (4.9, 6.3) | 62.9 | (57.4, 68.3) | 49.6 | (46.4, 52.8) | 88.3 | (79.1, 97.4) | 24.6 | (22.3, 26.8) | 2.4 | (1.1, 3.7) |
| Ethnicity | p = 0.0975 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p = 0.1870 | p = 0.0015 | |||||||
| White only | 14,452 | 5.5 | (4.6, 6.3) | 97.7 | (91.4, 104.0) | 65.3 | (62.0, 68.6) | 86.5 | (78.9, 94.1) | 33.3 | (30.9, 35.7) | 1.9 | (1.2, 2.6) |
| Chinese only | 915 | 5.4 | (0.4, 10.3) | 53.2 | (40.8, 65.6) | 48.8 | (40.1, 57.5) | 8.8 | (4.8, 12.8) | 23.9 | (17.2, 30.7) | 0.2 | (0.0, 0.5)* |
| South Asian only | 994 | 3.2 | (2.0, 4.4) | 103.5 | (78.4, 128.7) | 98.4 | (76.1, 120.6) | 17.5 | (3.9, 31.1) | 30.5 | (23.4, 37.5) | 0.7 | (0.2, 1.2) |
| Black only | 706 | 2.7 | (0.6, 4.7) | 107.0 | (85.4, 128.6) | 48.4 | (31.7, 65.0) | 23.2 | (10.8, 35.6) | 46.0 | (33.6, 58.4) | 0.7 | (0.0, 1.6)* |
| Indigenous inclusive | 606 | 2.0 | (0.8, 3.3) | 141.6 | (112.6, 170.6) | 67.3 | (53.5, 81.1) | 45.5 | (28.0, 63.1) | 36.9 | (23.9, 49.9) | 2.5 | (0.8, 4.2) |
| Mixed/other/not stated/missing | 2504 | 8.7 | (2.6, 14.9) | 106.5 | (82.2, 130.8) | 52.9 | (46.4, 59.4) | 44.8 | (24.0, 65.6) | 36.6 | (30.9, 42.4) | 0.6 | (0.3, 0.8) |
| Income quartile | p = 0.3040 | p = 0.4077 | p = 0.3396 | p < .0001 | p = 0.8863 | p = 0.2099 | |||||||
| 1 (lowest income) | 3758 | 7.1 | (2.9, 11.3) | 97.0 | (85.7, 108.3) | 71.7 | (61.5, 82.0) | 39.5 | (31.5, 47.5) | 34.6 | (29.9, 39.3) | 0.9 | (0.7, 1.2) |
| 2 | 3854 | 4.1 | (3.2, 5.0) | 92.4 | (83.6, 101.1) | 64.5 | (58.6, 70.4) | 68.0 | (55.8, 80.2) | 35.9 | (31.2, 40.7) | 1.0 | (0.7, 1.2) |
| 3 | 3634 | 5.3 | (3.3, 7.3) | 97.3 | (87.1, 107.6) | 65.2 | (58.3, 72.0) | 73.8 | (61.6, 85.9) | 33.1 | (29.1, 37.1) | 1.2 | (0.9, 1.5) |
| 4 (highest income) | 3796 | 6.2 | (4.6, 7.8) | 98.8 | (84.0, 113.6) | 57.5 | (52.5, 62.6) | 99.0 | (83.5, 114.4) | 29.0 | (24.3, 33.6) | 3.8 | (1.2, 6.3) |
| Not reported | 5135 | 5.2 | (4.1, 6.4) | 105.6 | (92.2, 119.1) | 62.3 | (57.5, 67.1) | 73.5 | (57.3, 89.7) | 35.3 | (30.7, 39.8) | 1.1 | (0.8, 1.5) |
| Province | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.0029 | p < .0001 | p < .0001 | |||||||
| NL | 300 | 3.4 | (2.5, 4.3) | 110.2 | (90.6, 129.8) | 52.4 | (45.5, 59.3) | 60.2 | (41.4, 78.9) | 32.2 | (25.9, 38.4) | 2.3 | (1.5, 3.0) |
| PEI | 83 | 3.1 | (1.6, 4.6) | 104.1 | (90.9, 117.3) | 72.3 | (64.0, 80.6) | 55.7 | (38.9, 72.4) | 35.1 | (26.0, 44.2) | 1.4 | (0.9, 1.9) |
| Nova Scotia | 531 | 3.1 | (2.3, 3.9) | 99.4 | (85.4, 113.4) | 63.8 | (56.7, 70.9) | 71.9 | (51.9, 91.9) | 28.9 | (23.8, 34.1) | 1.8 | (1.0, 2.6) |
| New Brunswick | 421 | 3.2 | (1.7, 4.8) | 114.9 | (97.7, 132.2) | 67.5 | (58.7, 76.3) | 73.2 | (52.6, 93.8) | 30.6 | (25.1, 36.0) | 2.4 | (1.3, 3.5) |
| Quebec | 4704 | 9.6 | (5.6, 13.6) | 90.5 | (80.0, 101.0) | 74.5 | (65.8, 83.2) | 89.7 | (72.7, 106.6) | 52.5 | (46.2, 58.8) | 1.2 | (0.9, 1.6) |
| Ontario | 7834 | 4.0 | (2.9, 5.0) | 102.8 | (92.2, 113.5) | 59.8 | (54.8, 64.8) | 56.0 | (47.8, 64.2) | 29.4 | (26.4, 32.4) | 1.8 | (0.7, 3.0) |
| Manitoba | 694 | 3.4 | (1.9, 4.9) | 112.9 | (97.6, 128.2) | 70.5 | (62.9, 78.1) | 55.5 | (40.1, 71.0) | 28.3 | (23.1, 33.4) | 2.8 | (1.2, 4.3) |
| Saskatchewan | 613 | 2.0 | (1.2, 2.7) | 96.0 | (81.5, 110.6) | 76.7 | (66.6, 86.8) | 59.7 | (36.4, 83.0) | 28.7 | (22.8, 34.6) | 1.4 | (0.9, 1.9) |
| Alberta | 2352 | 4.7 | (2.5, 6.9) | 123.0 | (106.1, 139.9) | 64.2 | (58.1, 70.3) | 83.1 | (61.1, 105.1) | 24.7 | (20.4, 28.9) | 1.9 | (1.0, 2.8) |
| British Columbia | 2644 | 6.4 | (4.1, 8.6) | 72.2 | (63.5, 80.9) | 54.4 | (49.0, 59.8) | 79.0 | (66.1, 91.9) | 25.2 | (20.8, 29.5) | 0.6 | (0.3, 0.8) |
| BMI category | p = 0.2642 | p = 0.2394 | p = 0.5178 | p = 0.1439 | p = 0.0268 | p = 0.0009 | |||||||
| Underweight/normal | 6002 | 5.6 | (4.2, 7.0) | 109.0 | (99.2, 118.8) | 70.3 | (64.7, 75.8) | 63.3 | (53.8, 72.8) | 41.9 | (38.1, 45.7) | 0.6 | (0.4, 0.8) |
| Overweight | 4308 | 5.7 | (4.2, 7.2) | 89.7 | (82.2, 97.2) | 61.3 | (54.3, 68.3) | 73.0 | (61.1, 84.9) | 30.9 | (26.8, 35.0) | 1.5 | (1.1, 1.9) |
| Obese | 3115 | 4.8 | (3.5, 6.1) | 97.9 | (84.2, 111.7) | 59.3 | (53.2, 65.4) | 84.3 | (69.1, 99.5) | 27.1 | (23.0, 31.2) | 4.0 | (1.1, 6.9) |
| Don’t know/refusal/not stated | 6752 | 5.7 | (2.9, 8.5) | 95.6 | (84.3, 106.9) | 62.6 | (57.8, 67.4) | 70.4 | (58.1, 82.7) | 31.3 | (27.7, 34.8) | 1.3 | (0.9, 1.7) |
No model was constructed for plain water as this beverage category contained no energy. All means are weighted ‘arithmetic means’ (also referred to as ‘observed means’), and not linear regression adjusted least squares means. Models statistics are for separate linear models using generalized least squares regression for each beverage category, with covariates sex, age, ethnicity, income, province, and BMI category; α = 0.05
Abbreviations: 95% CI 95% confidence interval, BMI Body mass index, kcal kilocalorie, NF Newfoundland and Labrador, PEI Prince Edward Island, SSBs Sugar-sweetened beverages
*Estimates for these 95% confidence intervals contained values less than zero. For reporting, these values were replaced with ‘0’ as they were a result of the bootstrap resampling method and not an indication of negative consumption