Table 3.
Multilevel Models of Daily Alcohol Sleep Aid Use Predicting Sleep- and Substance-Related Outcomes
| Same-Night Poor Sleep Quality Rating | Same-Night Sleep Duration | Same-Night Sleep Onset Latency | Same-Night Waketime After Sleep Onset | Next-Day Daytime Fatigue | Next-Day Negative Alcohol Consequences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | IRR | Estimate (SE) | |
| Fixed Effects | |||||||
| Level 2 (Between-Person) | |||||||
| Intercept | 1.63 (0.06)*** | 7.37 (0.12)*** | 18.568 (2.27)*** | 14.06 (2.26)*** | 2.57 (0.08)*** | 0.07 | −2.65 (0.30)*** |
| Alcohol Sleep Aid Use | −0.99 (1.57) | 1.68 (3.28) | 97.91 (64.08) | −8.51 (56.78) | 0.73 (2.31) | 0.04 | −3.23 (3.84) |
| Male Sex | 0.06 (0.12) | −0.60 (0.26)* | 6.48 (5.02) | −3.01 (5.05) | 0.17 (0.18) | 0.83 | −0.19 (0.38) |
| Age | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.10) | −1.82 (1.97) | 0.70 (1.87) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.99 | −0.01 (0.13) |
| Negative Affect | 0.05 (0.02)** | −0.08 (0.04)* | 0.90 (0.73) | 0.00 (0.69) | 0.09 (0.03)*** | 1.21 | 0.19 (0.06)** |
| Alcohol Quantity | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.09) | −1.80 (1.68) | −0.57 (1.72) | 0.02 (0.06) | 2.17 | 0.77 (0.13)*** |
| Level 1 (Within-Person) | |||||||
| Alcohol Sleep Aid Use | 0.66 (0.39) | −0.12 (0.84) | −1.63 (11.83) | −3.25 (13.36) | 0.62 (0.43) | 1.73 | 0.55 (0.78) |
| Alcohol Sleep Aid Use (Lagged) | 0.05 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.77) | 5.98 (10.74) | 0.52 (9.94) | −0.25 (0.40) | 0.41 | −0.90 (0.74) |
| Study Days | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.15) | −6.05 (2.87)* | 2.48 (4.06) | −0.16 (0.09) | 0.53 | −0.67 (0.31) |
| Weekend (Friday & Saturday) | −0.17 (0.08)* | 0.30 (0.17) | −1.64 (2.38) | 1.48 (2.89) | 0.01 (0.08) | 8.34 | 2.12 (0.28)*** |
| Negative Affect | 0.04 (0.01)** | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.36 (0.43) | −0.28 (0.54) | 0.02 (0.02) | 1.01 | 0.01 (0.07) |
| Negative Affect (Lagged) | 0.03 (0.01)* | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.42) | 0.15 (0.57) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.99 | −0.01 (0.07) |
| Alcohol Quantity | 0.04 (0.01)** | −0.06 (0.03)* | −0.97 (0.39)* | −0.39 (0.51) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.89 | −0.11 (0.04)** |
| Alcohol Quantity (Lagged) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.39) | 0.04 (0.47) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.87 | −0.14 (0.04)** |
| Random Effects | |||||||
| Level 2 (Between-Person) | |||||||
| Intercept | 0.10 (0.03)*** | 0.44 (0.13)*** | 253.60 (50.13)*** | 161.93 (45.62)*** | 0.27 (0.07)*** | 1.68 | 0.52 (0.22) |
| Study Days | - | 0.32 (0.25) | 346.09 (87.54)*** | 645.48 (191.89)*** | - | 3.65 | 1.29 (0.95) |
| Level 1 (Within-Person) | |||||||
| Residual | 0.71 (0.04)*** | 3.24 (0.19)*** | 609.22 (33.73)*** | 293.73 (34.23)*** | 0.89 (0.06)*** | ||
| Autocorrelation | 0.15 (0.04)*** | 0.09 (0.05)* | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.219 (0.11) | 0.21 (0.05)*** | ||
Note. n=83. Sleep aid use predictors highlighted in bold font. Results of Negative Alcohol Consequences (dispersion parameter=3.01, SE=0.93, p=.001) model is based on negative binomial multilevel models and incidence rate ratios (IRR) are reported. Lagged predictors represent effects on (a) sleep quality rating, duration, onset latency, and wake-time after sleep onset the following day; (b) daytime fatigue and negative alcohol/cannabis consequences two days later.
*
p<.05.
**
p<.01.
***
p<.001.