Table 1.

Selection of quotations detailing how nonrecollective subjective experiences were described to participants in a range of studies

Authors	Response options in experiment	Representative quote and/or definitions provided to participants
Gardiner & Java (1990)	Remember Know	“Often, when remembering a previous event or occurrence, we consciously recollect and become aware of aspects of the previous experience. At other times, we simply know that something has occurred before, but without being able consciously to recollect anything about its occurrence or what we experienced at the time.” (p. 25, emphasis in original).
Rajaram (1993)	Remember Know	“‘Know’ responses should be made when you recognize that the word was in the study list but you cannot consciously recollect anything about its actual occurrence or what happened or what was experienced at the time of its occurrence. In other words, write ‘K’ (for ‘know’) when you are certain of recognizing the words but these words fail to evoke any specific conscious recollection from the study list.” (p. 102, emphasis added)
Bastin & Van der Linden (2003)	Remember Know Guess	“...classify a ‘yes’ response . . . as ‘Know’ if you do not remember any information associated with the face. You are sure that you have seen it because you have a strong feeling of familiarity, but you do not remember any information encoded with the face” (p. 24, emphasis added).
Bastin, Van der Linden, Michel, & Friedman (2004; recognition task)	Remember Familiar Guess	“I ask you to say ‘Familiar’ if you recognize a picture but do not remember any particular aspect of the encoding episode. But, still, you are certain that you have seen the picture, because you have a feeling of familiarity” (p. 168, emphasis added).
Conway, Gardiner, Perfect, Anderson & Cohen (1997)	Remember Know Familiar Guess	“You might ‘just know’ the correct answer and the alternative you have selected ‘stood out’ from the three choices available. In this case you would not recall a specific episode and instead you would simply know the answer. Answers with this basis are called KNOW answers. . . . It may be, however, that you did not remember a specific instance, nor do you know the answer. Nevertheless the alternative you have selected may seem or feel more familiar than any of the other alternatives. Answers made on this basis are called FAMILIAR answers” (p. 398).
Dewhurst & Anderson (1999)	Remember Know Guess	“A know response is one in which you recognize the item because it feels familiar in this context, but you cannot recall its actual occurrence in the earlier phase of the experiment. You recognize the item purely on the basis of a feeling of familiarity” (p. 667, emphasis added).
Dobbins, Kroll, & Liu (1998)	Remember Familiar	“We chose to use the word ‘familiar’ because students often confuse the more standard ‘know’ response with an expression of high confidence” (p.1309).
Donaldson, MacKenzie, & Underhill (1996)	Remember Familiar	“...familiar rather than know was used to indicate nonrecollection, because the word know carries a connotation of certainty that is inconsistent with a confidence rating that indicates lack of certainty. Participants find it hard to say that they are unsure that an item was there but that they know it was” (p. 487, emphasis in original).
Geraci, McCabe, & Guillory (2009)	Remember Know	Experiment 1, confidence emphasized: “You should make a know judgment if you recognize the item from the study list, but you cannot consciously recollect anything about its actual occurrence or what happened or what was experienced at the time of its occurrence. In other words, write ‘know’ when you are certain that you recognize the item, but it fails to evoke any specific conscious recollection from the study list” (p. 707, emphasis added). Experiment 2, confidence not emphasized: “You should respond know, by writing ‘know’ on the blank, if you think the item was studied but you cannot recollect any details about the study event” (p.708).
Harlow, MacKenzie, & Donaldson (2010)	Recollect Familiar	“Participants are trained to distinguish between familiarity and recollection (rather than the potentially misleading terms knowing and remembering)” (p. 1385, emphasis in original).
Ingram, Mickes, & Wixted (2012)	Remember Familiar	“...we exchanged know with familiar in an attempt to reduce confusion between the colloquial and experimental use of know” (p. 328, emphasis in original).

Adapted from Williams and Moulin (2015). Definitions from Gardiner and Java (1990) and Rajaram (1993) are provided first, as these are often referred to in the literature as “standard definitions”