Figure 2.

The effect of ROS in the process of ER stress activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. ER induces ROS production via NOX4 and ERO1 during stress. The release of Ca²⁺ in the ER causes mitochondrial damage which further aggravates the release of ROS. The increased ROS level triggers NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. In addition, NOX2 regulates dsRNA-activated PKR expression under ER stress and affects the process of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ROS: reactive oxygen species; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; NLRP3: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3; NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4; ERO1: ER oxidase 1; NOX2: NADPH oxidase 2; PKR: protein kinase RNA.