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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2019 Aug 28;51(4):609–624. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.005

Figure 1: Tissue and Cellular Level Topology Affect Threat Level Classification.

Figure 1:

Gut epithelial barrier and blood vessels are sites of microbial recognition with different inputs and outcomes. Tissue resident macrophages can become activated to secrete conventional pro-inflammatory cytokines by sensing PAMPs such as those from pathogens or commensal microbes. Pathogens can infect many cell types in the gut such as epithelial cells, resulting is tissue damage and cell death and the release of DAMPs. An activated tissue resident macrophage that now senses DAMPs can form an inflammasome and undergo pyroptosis. A pathogen can replicate in the tissue. The infected tissue can allow whole pathogens or PAMPs to translocate into blood vessels. PAMPs in the blood vessels represent a threat of systemic infection through the circulatory system. A monocyte that senses a PAMP in the blood can form an inflammasome to become hyperactive.