Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of all study participants
| Schizophreniaa (N=27) | Bipolar disorderb (N=30) | Healthy controlsc (N=25) | p | Post-hoc (LSD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.48±11.86 | 39.70±12.61 | 42.48±12.60 | 0.620 | |
| Sex | 0.704 | ||||
| Male | 11 (40.7) | 10 (33.3) | 11 (44.0) | ||
| Female | 16 (59.3) | 20 (66.7) | 14 (56.0) | ||
| Education (years) | 13.52±2.56 | 12.33±3.71 | 14.24±3.27 | 0.092 | |
| Number of hospitalizations | 3.22±3.86 | 4.34±10.66 | 0.608 | ||
| Duration of illness (years) | 11.22±7.70 | 10.10±6.81 | 0.562 | ||
| Onset age (years) | 31.22±10.80 | 29.70±11.45 | 0.609 | ||
| Dosage of medication (CPZ equivalent, mg) | 518.58±657.94 | 343.33±475.04 | 0.251 | ||
| Dosage of medication (equivalent to sodium valproate dose, mg) | 83.33±250.00 | 752.57±443.20 | <0.001 | ||
| PANSS | |||||
| Positive | 13.78±8.49 | 9.37±3.01 | 0.015 | ||
| Negative | 15.41±4.85 | 9.47±3.75 | <0.001 | ||
| General | 30.63±10.32 | 24.40±6.72 | 0.011 | ||
| Total | 59.81±21.59 | 43.23±11.87 | 0.001 | ||
| YMRS | 5.86±6.73 | ||||
| Verbal fluency | 15.00±5.21 | 15.07±5.25 | 19.40±6.12 | 0.006 | a<c, b<c |
| KAVLT-trial 5 | 8.48±2.82 | 10.47±2.92 | 11.52±1.69 | <0.001 | a<b, a<c |
| KAVLT-delayed recall | 6.15±3.70 | 8.10±3.73 | 9.96±1.81 | <0.001 | a<b<c |
| KAVLT-delayed recognition | 10.44±2.98 | 11.77±2.66 | 13.92±1.26 | <0.001 | a<b<c |
| BES | 67.72±8.47 | 70.97±10.75 | 73.08±9.17 | 0.103 | |
| SATMC | 8.73±5.02 | 12.20±3.99 | 13.56±4.69 | <0.001 | a<c, b<c |
| CTQ | |||||
| Emotional abuse | 9.11±4.85 | 10.30±5.41 | 8.00±4.20 | 0.225 | |
| Physical abuse | 8.63±3.62 | 11.03±5.61 | 8.04±2.78 | 0.024 | a<b, c<b |
| Sexual abuse | 8.26±3.83 | 7.90±3.84 | 6.04±2.01 | 0.046 | c<a, c<b |
| Emotional neglect | 11.00±5.14 | 13.53±6.10 | 10.92±3.67 | 0.099 | |
| Physical neglect | 8.48±3.20 | 9.80±4.05 | 7.68±3.25 | 0.087 | |
| HRV | |||||
| LF | 209.50±214.66 | 187.03±273.17 | 275.53±262.59 | 0.416 | |
| HF | 174.75±209.06 | 169.29±226.63 | 129.40±117.24 | 0.656 | |
| LF/HF ratio | 2.18±2.02 | 2.46±3.36 | 2.62±1.82 | 0.817 | |
| MMN (total average) | -1.51±0.98 | -2.12±1.38 | -3.33±1.76 | <0.001 | c<a, c<b |
| QSF | 49.33±9.34 | 48.70±11.19 | 55.20±6.90 | 0.027 | a<c, b<c |
CPZ: chlorpromazine, PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale, KAVLT: Korean Auditory Verbal Learning Test, BES: Basic Empathy Scale, SATMC: social attribution task-multiple choice, CTQ: childhood trauma questionnaire, HRV: heart rate variability, LF: low frequency, HF: high frequency, MMN: mismatch negativity, QSF: questionnaire of social functioning