Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, and CSF biomarker levels according to diagnosis.
| DLB (n = 44) | AD (n = 20) | Controls (n = 22) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Female (n, %) | 5 (11%) | 2 (10%) | 4 (18%) |
| Age | 67 (6) a | 65 (6) | 63 (5) |
| Education, years | 10 [9–13] | 10 [9.5–13] | 13 [10–13] |
| MMSE | 23 [21–26] b,c | 18 [16–22] b | 29 [27–30] |
| APOEε4 carrier (n, %) | 23 (54%) | 12 (63%) | 7 (32%) |
| Cognitive function z-scores | |||
| Memory | −2.67 (1.67) b | −3.12 (1.91) b | −0.26 (0.75) |
| Attention | −2.89 (2.18) b,c | −4.39 (3.41) b | −0.27 (0.71) |
| Executive functions | −4.32 (2.79) b | −5.27 (3.21) b | −0.41 (0.88) |
| Language | −1.13 (0.69) a,c | −2.44 (2.71) b | −0.20 (0.56) |
| Visual spatial functions | −0.85 (0.94) d | −2.37 (1.68) b | −0.38 (0.96) |
| Global cognition score | −2.90 (1.69) b,d | −4.41 (2.32) b | −0.32 (0.62) |
| CSF AD biomarkers | |||
| Aβ1-42 (pg/mL) | 780 [658–977] b,d | 586 [492–642] b | 1040 [913–1150] |
| tau (pg/mL) | 292 [224–367] a,d | 596 [498–905] b | 194 [169–256] |
| p-tau (pg/mL) | 47 [35–59] a,d | 87 [66–122] b | 39 [30–46] |
| CSF α-synuclein (pg/mL) | 1805 [1540–2169] | NA | 1466 [1280–1911] |
| CSF VGF | |||
| VGF373-417 ELISA (pmol/mL) | 2.5 [2.1–3.4] b,c | 3.3 [2.5–3.9] | 3.6 [3.0–4.9] |
| VGF SRM [L.H.ratio] § | 0.14 [0.12–0.18] b,c | 0.17 [0.14–0.22] | 0.17 [0.16–0.24] |
Data are presented as mean (SD), median [interquartile range] or n (%). Differences in patient characteristics were assessed with ANOVA, χ2, and Kruskal Wallis H tests were performed where appropriate. Differences in CSF biomarker levels were assessed with GLM corrected for age. CSF tau, p-tau, α-synuclein and VGF were logarithmically transformed for the analyses because of skewed values, but are presented here as raw data. § DLB, n = 44; AD, n = 20; controls, n = 21. Cognitive function z-scores were calculated using the mean and SD of an independent normal reference group. Abbreviations: Aβ1-42 = amyloid β1-42; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; APOE = apolipoprotein; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid, DLB = dementia with Lewy bodies; ELISA = enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; p-tau = tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; SRM = selected reaction monitoring; VGF = neurosecretory protein VGF. a: p < 0.05 compared to controls; b: p < 0.001 compared to controls; c: p < 0.05 compared to AD; d: p < 0.001 compared to AD.