Table 5.

Adjusted associations between wildfire smoke PM_2.5 exposure (µg/m³) and secondary outcomes.

		Crude Association		Adjusted Association 1
Outcome	Model/Parameter	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95%CI)	p-Value
Gestational Diabetes
	Distributed Lag Model 2
	First Trimester	1.037 (0.993, 1.082)	0.10	1.144 (1.064, 1.230)	0.0003
	Second Trimester	1.075 (1.032, 1.120)	0.0006	1.017 (0.943, 1.096)	0.66
	Third Trimester	1.109 (1.070, 1.150)	<0.0001	1.048 (0.982, 1.117)	0.16
	Mean	1.073 (1.050, 1.097)	<0.0001	1.068 (1.027, 1.111)	0.0012
	Full Gestation Model 3	1.238 (1.163, 1.317)	<0.0001	1.151 (1.034, 1.281)	0.010
Gestational Hypertension
	Distributed Lag Model 2
	First Trimester	1.215 (1.168, 1.264)	<0.0001	1.148 (1.071, 1.231)	0.0001
	Second Trimester	1.181 (1.135, 1.229)	<0.0001	1.124 (1.044, 1.211)	0.0020
	Third Trimester	1.071 (1.032, 1.111)	0.0003	0.959 (0.898, 1.024)	0.21
	Mean	1.154 (1.130, 1.178)	<0.0001	1.074 (1.033, 1.117)	0.0004
	Full Gestation Model 3	1.522 (1.434, 1.616)	<0.0001	1.204 (1.083, 1.339)	0.0006

¹ Model adjusted for: Ozone, non-wildfire PM_2.5, PM₁₀, temperature deviation, calendar month, year, mother’s race/ethnicity, mother’s education, income, mother’s age, smoking during pregnancy, drinking during pregnancy, asthma, gestational age, and gindex. ² Model includes trimester-specific parameters for wildfire smoke PM_2.5, non-wildfire PM_2.5, PM₁₀, ozone, and temperature deviation. ³ Model includes a single, full gestation, parameter each for wildfire smoke PM_2.5, non-wildfire PM_2.5, PM₁₀, ozone, and temperature deviation.