Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study population undergone first trimester combined test (FTCT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening tests.
| Characteristics | No GDM (N = 1828) |
GDM (N = 596) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 31 (28–34) | 33 (29–34) | <0.001 |
| Familiarity for T2DM, N | 759 (41.5) | 277 (46.5) | 0.038 |
| Pregravidic BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 (21.7–25.5) | 24.8 (21.9–28.7) | <0.001 |
| Previous GDM, N | 43 (2.4) | 78 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Previous macrosomy, N | 28 (1.5) | 9 (1.5) | 0.877 |
| Smoking, N | 75 (4.1) | 24 (4.0) | 0.970 |
| PCOS, N | 3 (0.2) | 27 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Gravidity, N | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.282 |
| No. of pregnancies >1 | 532 (29.1) | 288 (48.3) | <0.001 |
| High risk 1 | 150 (8.2) | 169 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate risk 1 | 1126 (61.6) | 270 (45.3) | <0.001 |
| Low risk 1 | 552 (30.2) | 157 (26.3) | <0.001 |
| Early GDM screening, N | 27 (18.0) | 61 (36.1) | <0.001 |
| GDM diagnosis at early screening | 0 | 42 (68.9) | - |
| Later screening, N | 1828 | 554 | - |
| Time of FTCT, weeks | 12.2 (11.5–12.5) | 12.2 (11.5–12.5) | 0.488 |
| FTCT | 0.00011 (0.00010–0.00023) | 0.00013 (0.00010–0.00026) | 0.024 |
| β-hCG, MoM | 0.91 (0.61–1.36) | 1.02 (0.60–1.36) | 0.376 |
| PAPP-A, MoM | 1.19 (0.82–1.67) | 1.02 (0.77–1.68) | 0.130 |
| CRL, mm | 58.7 (53.0–65.0) | 59.0 (53.0–65.0) | 0.363 |
| NT, mm | 1.10 (0.9–1.4) | 1.10 (0.9–1.5) | 0.352 |
| FTCT <1:10000, N | 1033 (56.5) | 373 (62.6) | 0.010 |
| PAPP-A <1 MoM, N | 680 | 257 | 0.011 |
Data are medians (interquartile range) or N (%). p Values refer to overall differences across groups as derived from the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test or Fisher’s exact test, respectively. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; FTCT: first trimester combined test; β-hCG: β-human chorionic gonadotropin; PAPP-A: pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; CRL: crown rump length; NT: nuchal translucency. 1 According to the Italian guidelines [23], high-risk women are those with at least one of the following parameters: Previous GDM, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at first trimester or before pregnancy between 100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L). For these women, early GDM screening at 16–18 weeks of gestation is recommended.