Table 2.
Strategies for the treatment of T1D.
| Antigen-Independent Strategies | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Antibody-based therapies | ||
| Anti-CTLA-4 | Clinical trial NCT01773707 | |
| Anti-CD3 | Clinical trial NCT01030861 | |
| Anti-CD2 | [18] | |
| Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) | [35] | |
| Proinflammatory citokine-based therapies | ||
| IL-1a/IL-1b | [41] | |
| TNF | [42] | |
| Nicotinamide | [43] | |
| IL-12/23 | Clinical trial NCT02117765 | |
| IL-6 | Clinical trial NCT02293837 | |
| Treg-mediated strategies | ||
| Treg suppression | [44,45] | |
| Removal of autoreactive T-cells | ||
| Anti-CD3 | [46,47] | |
| B-cell-targeting therapies | ||
| Anti-CD2 | [48] | |
| Antigen-dependent immunotherapy | ||
| Beta cell-autoantigen vaccination | ||
| GAD | [49] | |
| Specific T-cell strategies | ||
| Tolerized T effector cells | [50] | |
| Specific B-cell strategies | ||
| Depleting insulin-reactive B cells | [51] | |
| Beta cell therapies | ||
| Replacement therapies | ||
| Edmonton protocol | [7] | |
| Beta-cell regeneration strategies | ||
| Gastrin + GLP-1 | [52,53] | |
| Stem cell therapy strategies | ||
| Tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) | ||
| Autologous tDCs | [54,55] | |
| Combination tDC + Tregs | [56,57] | |
| Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) | ||
| Autologous myeloablative HSC transplantation | [58] | |
| Autologous non-myeloablative HSC transplantation | [59] | |
| Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) | ||
| Autologous MSCs | [60,61] | |
| Allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs | Clinical trial NCT02940418 | |
| Umbilical cord blood MSCs (UC-MSCs) | [62] | |