Figure 2.

Treatment of macrophages with CaPO₄ and TNFα results in osteoclastogenesis and increased protease production. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with CaPO₄ and TNFα and analyzed for the percent of live cells expressing TRAP (A), cathepsin K (B), MMP-9 (C), and HIF-1α (D). (E,F) The expression (MFI) of cathepsin K and MMP-9, respectively, in TRAP⁺ cells (TPM) compared to TRAP⁻ cells (macrophage). The data represent three independent experiments. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. MFI, median fluorescence intensity.