Table 2.
Major breakthrough regarding Cl− function research in plants.
| Year | Cl− Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 1946 | - Cl− is required for photochemical activity in washed chloroplasts - Cl− is proposed to be an essential micronutrient |
[123] |
| 1954 | - Demonstration of Cl− as essential micronutrient in tomato plants | [1] |
| 1956 | - Demonstration of Cl− as essential micronutrient in other plant species | [17] |
| 1963 | - Cl− is required for Oxygen evolution in Photosystem-II | [124] |
| 1977 | - The requirement of Cl− is not limited to photosynthesis - Cl− is also required for adequate cell division rate in the leaves |
[47] |
| 1980 | - Cl− regulates the activity of some proteins | [14,15] |
| 1987 | - Some plant species require Cl− beyond micronutrient levels | [112,113,114] |
| 1991 | - Cl− has a more tightly bound hydration shell | [58,59] |
| 2009 | - Localization and role of Cl− in oxygen-evolving Photosystem II | [13] |
| 2014 | - Cl− is required for adequate cell elongation | [2,51] |
| 2015 | - Occurence of Cl− deficiency in agricultural soils is demonstrated for a relevant crop species | [112] |
| 2016 | - Cl− specifically improves osmoregulation, water balance and turgor - Cl− is proposed as a beneficial macronutrient |
[2] |
| 2016 | - Chloroplast Cl− homeostasis regulates photosynthetic electron transport and photoprotective mechanisms | [97,98] |
| 2019 | - As beneficial macronutrient Cl− improves water-use efficiency by reduced stomatal conductance and increased mesophyll diffusion to CO2 | [23] |