Table 1.
Clinical evidences of Carbonic Anhydrases alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease.
| Population | Sample | Brain Area Analysed | Main Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD patients (sex NI) Age: 80.7 ± 1.7 Control subjects (sex NI) Age: 74.7 ± 2.6 |
post-mortem brain tissue | temporal lobe | ↓ CA activity (around 20%) | [14] |
| AD patients (7♂, 4♀) Age: 59.55 ± 6.1 DS patients (6♂, 3♀) Age: 55.7 ± 7.48 Control subjects (10♂, 4♀) Age: 56.1 ± 6.1 |
post-mortem brain tissue | caudate nucleus, cerebellum, thalamus, cortical regions (frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal) | No significant changes in CAII protein levels were found in either DS or CA group compared with controls | [91]. |
| AD patients (4♂, 2♀) Age: 84.5 ± 5.2 Control subjects (4♂, 2♀) Age: 85.8 ± 4.1 |
post-mortem brain tissue | hippocampus | ↑ CA II ↑ CA II oxidized ↑ CA II nitrated ↓ CA activity (around 20%) |
[11,12,13] |
| AD patients (4♂, 2♀) Age: 84.5 ± 5.2 Control subjects (4♂, 2♀) Age: 85.8 ± 4.1 |
post-mortem brain tissue | cerebellum | No differences were found in CA expression and activity. These findings are described as “data not shown” | [11] |
| MCI patients (2♂,
4♀) Age: 88 ± 1.5 Controls subjects (2♂, 4♀) Age: 82 ± 2.6 |
post-mortem brain tissue | Inferior parietal lobe | ↑ CA II oxidized ↓ CA activity (around 50%) |
[15] |
| MCI patients (36♂, 47♀) Age: 73.7 ± 5.5 AD Patients (34♂, 57♀) Age: 74.8 ± 7.1 Controls subjects (51♂, 62♀) Age: 70.8 ± 4.6 |
plasma | - | CA II expression: - AD > MCI > controls - ♂ > ♀ Positive correlation between CAII expression and aging |
[18] |
| sporadic AD patients (10♂,12♀) Age: 70.1 ± 10.3 DD: 9.2 ± 1 month rapidly progressive AD patients (15♂, 7♀) Age: 80.1 ± 9.1 DD: 122 ± 8 month |
post-mortem brain tissue | hippocampus and enthorhinal cortex | CA II was detected among the most abundant proteins found in plaques microdissected from all cases examined | [16] |
| AD patients (7) Control subjects (6) Age and sex NI |
post-mortem brain tissue | choroid plexus | ↑ CA XIII mRNA ↓ CA II, CA III, CA IV mRNA |
[84] |
↑ increase, ↓ reduction, ♂ = male ♀ = female, NI = not informed, AD = Alzheimer’s Disease, MCI = mild cognitive impairment, DD = disease duration.