Table 1.
Characteristics of this study populations (n = 2896).
| Variables | Mean ± SD or N (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, (min/max), years | 76.0 ± 3.9 (70.0/84.0) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 1377 (47.5) |
| Female | 1519 (52.5) |
| Smoking | |
| Current | 1104 (38.1) |
| Never/former | 1792 (61.9) |
| Alcohol intake | |
| Never/Less than one time per week | 520 (18.0) |
| More than one time per week | 2376 (82.0) |
| Physical activity, kcal/week | |
| Active | 2580 (89.1) |
| Inactive | 316 (10.9) |
| Education, years | |
| <9 | 1396 (48.2) |
| ≥9 | 1500 (51.8) |
| Marital status | |
| Married/with partner | 1950 (67.3) |
| Divorced/widowed/unmarried | 946 (32.7) |
| Household income, won/monthly | |
| <1,000,000 | 1370 (47.3) |
| ≥1,000,000 | 1526 (52.7) |
| Length of current residence, year | |
| 1~5 | 643 (22.2) |
| >5 | 2253 (77.8) |
| Residence | |
| Urban | 2013 (69.9) |
| Rural | 883 (30.1) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 3.1 |
| K-ADL (min/max) | 7.1 ± 0.4 (7/14) |
| K-IADL (min/max) | 0.3 ± 0.8 (0/9) |
| Carlson comorbidity index (range: 0–7) | 0.48 ± 0.79 |
| MMSE-KC (range: 8–30) | 25.6 ± 3.3 |
| Digit span-forward (range: 0–9) | 5.8 ± 1.5 |
| Digit span-backward (range: 0–8) | 3.3 ± 1.1 |
| Word list memory (range: 0–29) | 16.7 ± 4.3 |
| Word list recall (range: 0–10) | 5.5 ± 2.1 |
| Recall storage (%) | 77.4 ± 24.2 |
| Word list recognition, (range: 0–10) | 8.6 ± 1.9 |
| Frontal assessment battery test (range: 0–18) | 13.4 ± 3.0 |
K-ADL: Korean version of activities of daily living instrument, K-IADL: Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living instrument, MMSE-KC: Korean version of the mini-mental state examination. Physical inactivity was defined as the lowest 20% of the gender-specific total energy consumed (kcal/week); <494.65 kcal for men or <283.50 kcal for women.