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. 2019 Oct 7;16(19):3767. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193767

Table 2.

Results of regression models 1 for cognitive scales according to the increases of air pollutants and participants’ characteristics.

1-SD MMSE-KC Digit Forward Span Digit Backward Span Word List Memory Word List Recall Recall Storage Word List Recognition FAB_Score
PM2.5 1.5 μg/m3 −0.010
(−0.019,−0.001)2
−0.022
(−0.040,−0.005)2
−0.039
(−0.057,−0.020)2
−0.024
(−0.036,−0.011)2
−0.036
(−0.054,−0.018)2
−0.024
(−0.038,−0.010)2
−0.016
(−0.029,−0.003)2
−0.037
(−0.048,−0.025)2
PM10 4.6 μg/m3 −0.035
(−0.050,−0.020)2
−0.029
(−0.057,−0.001)2
0.022
(−0.008,0.053)
0.049
(0.015,0.083)2
−0.011
(−0.033,0.011)
−0.014
(−0.031,0.003)
0.001
(−0.015,0.016)
−0.002
(−0.021,0.017)
CO 0.08 ppm 0.044
(0.032,0.056)2
0.052
(0.029,0.075)2
−0.022
(00.046,0.003)
−0.035
(−0.063,−0.007)2
−0.018
(−0.034,−0.003)2
−0.005
(−0.017,0.007)
−0.007
(−0.018,0.004)
−0.006
(−0.019,0.007)
SO2 0.9 ppb 0.007
(−0.005,0.020)
0.058
(0.035,0.082)2
−0.032
(−0.058,−0.007)2
−0.010
(−0.039,0.019)
−0.038
(−0.060,−0.017)2
−0.022
(−0.039,−0.006)2
−0.011
(−0.026,0.004)
0.007
(−0.005,0.020)
NO2 7.7 ppb 0.012
(0.001,0.025)2
−0.026
(−0.050,−0.003)2
0.015
(−0.009,0.040)
0.034
(0.006,0.063)2
−0.019
(−0.035,−0.003)2
−0.007
(−0.042,0.015)
−0.003
(−0.015,0.008)
−0.019
(−0.034,−0.005)2
O3 4.3 ppb 0.045
(0.027,0.062)2
0.062
(0.029,0.094)2
−0.029
(−0.064,0.006)
0.009
(−0.031,0.048)
0.034
(0.018,0.049) 2
0.013
(0.001,0.025)2
0.010
(−0.001,0.021)
0.011
(0.002,0.019)2
Age 1 year −0.006
(−0.008,−0.005)2
−0.009
(−0.012,−0.006)2
−0.009
(−0.012, −0.006)2
−0.020
(−0.024,−0.017)2
−0.026
(−0.030,−0.022)2
−0.012
(−0.016,−0.009)2
−0.010
(−0.013,−0.007)2
−0.009
(−0.011,−0.007)2
Education 1 year −0.011
(−0.010,−0.012)2
−0.018
(−0.016,−0.020)2
−0.024
(−0.021,−0.026)2
−0.016
(−0.014,−0.019)2
−0.017
(−0.013,−0.021)2
−0.005
(−0.002,−0.008)2
−0.006
(−0.003,−0.009)2
−0.023
(−0.021,−0.025)2

1 β coefficients (95% confidence intervals) of log-transformed cognitive scales per one standard deviation increase of air pollutants or one year of age (increase) and education (decrease) were assessed by linear mixed model. Age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, education, household income, marital status, Carlson’s comorbidity index, length of same residence, meteorological data, residence area, PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3 (selected air pollutant was not included in the model) were adjusted as fixed effects, and each center was adjusted as random effects. Although there were highly correlated among the air pollutants, we confirmed the unchanged overall results when excluding combinations of these variables (data were not shown). 2P < 0.05, SD: standard deviation, PM2.5: particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter, PM10: particulate matter <10 μm in diameter, NO2: nitrogen dioxide, SO2: sulfur dioxide, CO: carbon monoxide, O3: ozone. MMSE-KC: Korean version of the mini-mental state examination; FAB: frontal assessment battery test score.