Table 4.

Association of owners’ depression symptoms (categorical variables) with the modified Pet Attitude Scale.

Explanatory Variables	Model 1		Model 2
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
PAS-M 1 (continuous)	0.95	0.94–0.96
PAS-M 1
high (>89)			Ref	–
low (≤89)			3.19	2.28–4.47
Age
19–29	Ref	–	Ref	-
30–39	1.28	0.85–1.95	1.22	0.81–1.84
Sex
male	Ref	–	Ref	–
female	1.37	0.97–1.96	1.24	0.88–1.75
Education
high school or less	Ref	–	Ref	–
university of more	0.95	0.57–1.57	0.94	0.57–1.54
Income
low tertile	Ref	–	Ref	–
middle tertile	0.88	0.58–1.34	0.85	0.56–1.29
high tertile	0.73	0.48–1.12	0.70	0.46–1.07
Marital status
single	Ref	–	Ref	–
married	0.81	0.56–1.18	0.89	0.62–1.28
Employment
unemployed	Ref	–	Ref	–
employed	0.94	0.58–1.53	0.93	0.57–1.49
Family size
one or two	Ref	–	Ref	–
three or more	1.22	0.80–1.86	1.29	0.85–1.97
AIC	851.19		865.28

Note: The CESD-10 was used to measure owners’ depression symptoms (scores higher than 10 were categorized as having depression symptoms). All models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors (age, sex, education level, income, marital status, and employment). ¹ The modified Pet Attitude Scale (PAS-M) was included as a continuous variable in Model 1 and as a categorized variable in Model 2, based on the median value, which was 89.