Table 5.

Association of owners’ depression symptoms (continuous variable) with the modified Pet Attitude Scale.

Explanatory Variables	Model 3		Model 4
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
PAS-M 1 (continuous)	−0.11	−0.15–−0.08
PAS-M 1
high (>89)			Ref	–
low (≤89)			2.67	1.79–3.54
Age
19–29	Ref	–	Ref	–
30–39	0.41	−0.65–1.48	0.30	−0.78–1.38
Sex
male	Ref	–	Ref	–
female	0.86	−0.03–1.75	0.61	−0.28–1.50
Education
high school or less	Ref	–	Ref	–
university of more	−0.65	−1.93–0.64	−0.67	−1.97–0.63
Income
low tertile	Ref	–	Ref	–
middle tertile	−0.48	−1.55–0.59	−0.57	−1.65–0.51
high tertile	−1.09	−2.18 – 0.01	−1.20	−2.31–−0.09
Marital status
single	Ref	–	Ref	–
married	−0.86	−1.08–0.08	−0.68	−1.62–0.27
Employment
unemployed	Ref	–	Ref	–
employed	−0.62	−1.86–0.63	−0.65	−1.91–0.61
Family size
one or two	Ref	–	Ref	–
three or more	0.48	−0.62–1.57	0.61	−0.49–1.72
AIC	4079.71		4093.99

Note: The CESD-10 was used to measure owners’ depression symptoms (scores were used as a continuous variable). All models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors (age, sex, education level, income, marital status, and employment). ¹ The modified Pet Attitude Scale (PAS-M) was included as a continuous variable in Model 3, and a categorized variable in Model 4, based on the median value, which was 89.