Table 2.
Variables | QOL Scores Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
<50 a | 88.6 (11.80) | 0.582 | |
50–59 | 88.56 (7.65) | −0.09 (5.53, −5.71) | |
60–69 | 90.57 (7.65) | 1.92 (7.55, −3.71) | |
>70 | 89.41 (5.03) | 0.76 (7.90, −6.37) | |
Ethnicity | |||
Malay a | 89.86 (8.07) | 0.655 | |
Indian | 88.48 (8.41) | −0.73 (4.71, −6.17) | |
Chinese | 89.13 (7.23) | −0.14 (2.30, −5.08) | |
Gender b | |||
Male | 88.8 (8.76) | −1.23 (-3.83, 1.38) | 0.354 |
Female | 90.04 (7.28) | ||
Education Level | |||
Primary a | 89.63 (4.51) | 0.894 | |
Secondary | 89.10 (8.42) | −0.54 (3.73, 4.80) | |
Tertiary | 89.77 (9.27) | 0.14 (4.71, −4.43) | |
Monthly Household Income (MYR) | |||
≤1000 a | 84.29 (7.30) | 0.469 | |
1001–2000 | 88.22 (8.91) | 3.93 (14.33, −6.47) | |
2001–3000 | 89.36 (7.65) | 5.08 (15.03, −4.88) | |
3001–4000 | 89.36 (7.12) | 5.08 (15.53, −5.37) | |
4001–5000 | 90.00 (7.75) | 5.71 (16.06, −4.63) | |
>5000 | 89.42 (8.06) | 6.53 (15.44, −3.38) | |
Diabetes duration (years) | |||
< 5 a | 89.57 (8.18) | 0.100 | |
5–10 | 91.23 (6.48) | 1.67 (5.72, −2.39) | |
>10 | 87.86 (8.88) | −1.70 (2.15, −5.56) | |
Type of treatment b | |||
OHAs | 90.46 (8.17) | 3.23 (0.46, 5.99) | 0.022 * |
OHAs and insulin | 87.23 (7.53) | ||
HbA1c | |||
<6.5 a | 93.39 (4.50) | 0.021 * | |
6.5–7.5 | 90.17 (8.31) | −3.22 (2.05, −8.49) | |
7.6–8.5 | 87.5 (7.76) | −5.89 (−0.20, −11.5) | |
>8.5 | 87.82 (8.05) | −5.56 (−0.08, −11.05) | |
Physical activity b | |||
Active | 91.6 (6.01) | 2.97 (5.88, 0.061) | 0.045 * |
Inactive | 88.6 (8.57) | ||
Retinopathy b | |||
Yes | 87.46 (7.74) | −3.00 (−5.70, −0.30) | 0.030 * |
No | 90.46 (8.34) | ||
Nephropathy b | |||
Yes | 88.82(8.57) | −0.96 (−3.64, 1.72) | 0.481 |
No | 89.78 (7.95) | ||
Neuropathy b | |||
Yes | 88.29 (8.74) | −2.91 (−5.55, −0.27) | 0.031 * |
No | 91.20 (6.51) | ||
Macrovascular Complications b | |||
Yes | 86.9(8.47) | −2.91 (−6.72, 0.90) | 0.134 |
No | 83.7 (10.76) | ||
Hypoglycemia b | |||
Never | 90.3 (7.16) | −6.63 (−1.61, −11.66) | 0.012 * |
At least once/month | 86.3 (7.88) | ||
aDCSI categories | |||
0 | 92.26 (6.03) | 0.001 ** | |
1 | 87.15 (8.61) | −5.11 (−9.60, −0.62) | |
2–3 | 91.88(6.08) | −0.04 (−4.76, 4.00) | |
4 | 82.72 (9.76) | −9.54 (−15.33, −3.76) | |
Depression b | |||
Yes | 84.06 (9.64) | 6.10 (2.20, 9.99) | 0.002 * |
No | 90.15 (7.57) | ||
Anxiety b | |||
Yes | 85.6 (7.77) | 5.04 (2.11, 7.99) | 0.001 ** |
No | 90.6 (7.80) | ||
Stress b | |||
Yes | 84.0 (10.18) | 5.93 (1.40, 10.47) | 0.011 * |
No | 89.9 (7.68) | ||
Medication adherence b | |||
Yes | 90.6(6.89) | 4.17 (0.87,7.47) | 0.014 * |
No | 86.4, (9.90) |
Notation: post hoc Bonferroni a reference group, b independent t-test, * significant at p < 0.05, ** significant at p < 0.001.