Table 2.
Comparison of QOL scores according to characteristics of the study participants (n = 150).
| Variables | QOL Scores Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| <50 a | 88.6 (11.80) | 0.582 | |
| 50–59 | 88.56 (7.65) | −0.09 (5.53, −5.71) | |
| 60–69 | 90.57 (7.65) | 1.92 (7.55, −3.71) | |
| >70 | 89.41 (5.03) | 0.76 (7.90, −6.37) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay a | 89.86 (8.07) | 0.655 | |
| Indian | 88.48 (8.41) | −0.73 (4.71, −6.17) | |
| Chinese | 89.13 (7.23) | −0.14 (2.30, −5.08) | |
| Gender b | |||
| Male | 88.8 (8.76) | −1.23 (-3.83, 1.38) | 0.354 |
| Female | 90.04 (7.28) | ||
| Education Level | |||
| Primary a | 89.63 (4.51) | 0.894 | |
| Secondary | 89.10 (8.42) | −0.54 (3.73, 4.80) | |
| Tertiary | 89.77 (9.27) | 0.14 (4.71, −4.43) | |
| Monthly Household Income (MYR) | |||
| ≤1000 a | 84.29 (7.30) | 0.469 | |
| 1001–2000 | 88.22 (8.91) | 3.93 (14.33, −6.47) | |
| 2001–3000 | 89.36 (7.65) | 5.08 (15.03, −4.88) | |
| 3001–4000 | 89.36 (7.12) | 5.08 (15.53, −5.37) | |
| 4001–5000 | 90.00 (7.75) | 5.71 (16.06, −4.63) | |
| >5000 | 89.42 (8.06) | 6.53 (15.44, −3.38) | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | |||
| < 5 a | 89.57 (8.18) | 0.100 | |
| 5–10 | 91.23 (6.48) | 1.67 (5.72, −2.39) | |
| >10 | 87.86 (8.88) | −1.70 (2.15, −5.56) | |
| Type of treatment b | |||
| OHAs | 90.46 (8.17) | 3.23 (0.46, 5.99) | 0.022 * |
| OHAs and insulin | 87.23 (7.53) | ||
| HbA1c | |||
| <6.5 a | 93.39 (4.50) | 0.021 * | |
| 6.5–7.5 | 90.17 (8.31) | −3.22 (2.05, −8.49) | |
| 7.6–8.5 | 87.5 (7.76) | −5.89 (−0.20, −11.5) | |
| >8.5 | 87.82 (8.05) | −5.56 (−0.08, −11.05) | |
| Physical activity b | |||
| Active | 91.6 (6.01) | 2.97 (5.88, 0.061) | 0.045 * |
| Inactive | 88.6 (8.57) | ||
| Retinopathy b | |||
| Yes | 87.46 (7.74) | −3.00 (−5.70, −0.30) | 0.030 * |
| No | 90.46 (8.34) | ||
| Nephropathy b | |||
| Yes | 88.82(8.57) | −0.96 (−3.64, 1.72) | 0.481 |
| No | 89.78 (7.95) | ||
| Neuropathy b | |||
| Yes | 88.29 (8.74) | −2.91 (−5.55, −0.27) | 0.031 * |
| No | 91.20 (6.51) | ||
| Macrovascular Complications b | |||
| Yes | 86.9(8.47) | −2.91 (−6.72, 0.90) | 0.134 |
| No | 83.7 (10.76) | ||
| Hypoglycemia b | |||
| Never | 90.3 (7.16) | −6.63 (−1.61, −11.66) | 0.012 * |
| At least once/month | 86.3 (7.88) | ||
| aDCSI categories | |||
| 0 | 92.26 (6.03) | 0.001 ** | |
| 1 | 87.15 (8.61) | −5.11 (−9.60, −0.62) | |
| 2–3 | 91.88(6.08) | −0.04 (−4.76, 4.00) | |
| 4 | 82.72 (9.76) | −9.54 (−15.33, −3.76) | |
| Depression b | |||
| Yes | 84.06 (9.64) | 6.10 (2.20, 9.99) | 0.002 * |
| No | 90.15 (7.57) | ||
| Anxiety b | |||
| Yes | 85.6 (7.77) | 5.04 (2.11, 7.99) | 0.001 ** |
| No | 90.6 (7.80) | ||
| Stress b | |||
| Yes | 84.0 (10.18) | 5.93 (1.40, 10.47) | 0.011 * |
| No | 89.9 (7.68) | ||
| Medication adherence b | |||
| Yes | 90.6(6.89) | 4.17 (0.87,7.47) | 0.014 * |
| No | 86.4, (9.90) |
Notation: post hoc Bonferroni a reference group, b independent t-test, * significant at p < 0.05, ** significant at p < 0.001.