Table 1.
Characteristics of 714 subjects classified as normal, pre-diabetics, or diabetics, according to the WHO criteria.
| Characteristics | Normal | Pre-Diabetes (IFG and/or IGT) | Diabetes Mellitus |
|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | 71.15 (67.95–74.35) | 14.15 (11.61–16.68) | 14.71 (12.17–17.24) |
| Age (years) | 42.54 (41.19–43.89) | 49.58 (46.55–52.60) * | 53.25 (50.29–56.22) * |
| Sex (female), % (n) | 63.4 (322) | 73.3 (74) * | 72.4 (76) |
| Waist (cm) | |||
| Male | 87.77 (86.07–89.48) | 94.42 (89.92–98.93) * | 95.95 (91.63–100.27) * |
| Female | 88.29 (86.93–89.66) | 90.87 (88.04–93.70) | 98.45 (95.58–101.32) *,† |
| Hip Circumference (cm) | |||
| Male | 94.74 (93.48–96.00) | 98.17 (94.83–101.50) | 98.13 (94.94–101.33) * |
| Female | 99.18 (98.04–100.33) | 100.91 (98.54–103.28) | 103.50 (101.10–105.91) * |
| WHR, Mean (95% CI) | |||
| Male | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) * |
| Female | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) *,† |
| WHR (high), % (95% CI) | 63.48 (59.66–67.30) | 79.04 (70.98–87.10) * | 95.49 (90.61–100.37) *,† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.20 (25.76–26.64) | 27.34 (26.36–28.32) * | 29.67 (28.69–30.65) *,† |
| BF%, mean (95% CI) | 32.03 (31.43–32.63) | 33.64 (32.31–34.96) * | 35.70 (34.35–37.06) *,† |
| Family History of DM, % (95% CI) | 35.66 (31.45–39.87) | 36.37 (26.95–45.79) | 63.90 (54.49–73.30) *,† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 125.09 (123.45–126.73) | 134.04 (130.38–137.69) * | 133.80 (130.16–137.43) * |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.43 (73.94–76.93) | 79.61 (76.27–82.94) | 80.58 (77.27–83.90) * |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.61 (4.48–4.76) | 5.46 (5.10–5.81) * | 9.73 (9.38–10.09) *,† |
| 2 h Post-Glucose Load (mmol/L) | 6.06 (5.82–6.30) | 8.21 (7.66–8.76) * | 16.23 (15.69–16.77) *,† |
| Capillary HbA1c, Mean (95% CI) | 5.98 (5.90–6.07) | 6.13 (5.94–6.31) * | 8.11 (7.92–8.29) *,† |
| Fasting Insulin (micro UI/mL) | 6.14 (5.71–6.57) | 8.00 (7.03–8.96) * | 8.63 (7.69–9.58) * |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.62 (4.54–4.71) | 4.81 (4.62–4.99) | 5.04 (4.86–5.23) * |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.32 (1.17–1.47) | 1.88 (1.54–2.21) * | 2.35 (2.01–2.68) * |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.23 (1.22–1.24) | 1.22 (1.20–1.24) | 1.20 (1.18–1.23) |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.84 (2.76–2.91) | 2.91 (2.73–3.09) | 2.90 (2.73–3.08) |
| Dyslipidemia, % (95% CI) | 19.69 (16.17–23.21) | 27.59 (18.80–36.37) | 49.44 (39.60–59.27) *,† |
Data are provided as mean (95% confidence interval) or percentage (95% confidence interval), adjusted for age and gender. Comparisons between the groups were performed adjusting for age and gender. * Significantly (p < 0.05) different from Normal. † Significantly (p < 0.05) different from Pre-Diabetes. WHO: World Health Organization. IFG: Impaired Fasting Glycemia. IGT: Impaired Glucose Tolerance. CI: Confidence Interval. WHR: Waist-to-Hip Ratio. BMI: Body Mass Index. BF%: Body Fat Percentage. DM: Diabetes Mellitus. SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure. DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure. FPG: Fasting Plasma Glucose. HbA1c: Glycated Hemoglobin. HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein. LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein.